Weird network things – Reaching the Internet without a default route

Let us suppose that for some reason your system doesn’t have a “default” route, but you do know the MAC address of a system that you know is willing to route on your behalf. Even more bizarrely, you have decided that you don’t actually want to have any explicit routes on your system that go through that router.

Let’s take a look at what the original routing table looks like before our shenanigans.

$ ip routedefault via 192.168.122.1 dev enp1s0 proto dhcp src 192.168.122.76192.168.122.0/24 dev enp1s0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.76192.168.122.1 dev enp1s0 proto dhcp scope link src 192.168.122.76

Let’s just focus specifically on the “default” route, the system we will send to if you don’t otherwise have a path.

$ ip route show default
default via 192.168.122.1 dev enp1s0 proto dhcp src 192.168.122.76

Since we have no intention (per the rules above) of actually having a route that goes through this IP address, we’re going to removing that route, but remembering the IP address (192.168.122.1).

IMPORTANT: If you’re doing this on an actual system, make sure you have a working route that is not the default route back to the system you are logged in from (if using) ssh. If you’re not coming from a local machine, make sure you add an explicit route to your machine before deleting the default route.

Kill that default

Let’s delete our default route and see what happens!

$ sudo ip route del default$ ip route show default$

Now, importantly we can still reach our our link local network, based on our interface IP

$ ip -br addr show enp1s0
enp1s0 UP 192.168.122.76/24 metric 100
$ ip route
192.168.122.0/24 dev enp1s0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.76

That scope link of 192.168.122.0/24 is what’s implied by our “interface address” of 192.168.122.76/24

The “old” ifconfig command presents this same information a bit differently that means the same thing

$ ifconfig enp1s0
enp1s0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 192.168.122.76 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255

This is read as:

1. IPv4 address is 192.168.122.76
2. The “network” (netmask) matches on the first 24 bits (255.255.255.0 = b11111111111111111111111100000000), or first 3 octets, however you want to interpret it. And so, it’s network is 192.168.122.0/24

In other words, for ANY address that is 192.168.122.X, it is assumed to be on the same layer 2 broadcast domain, e.g. on the same link. This is just a way of saying that to get to those systems, you don’t need to get to a router, but address them via their MAC address directly rather than the address of a router. What’s cool though is that you can choose to send every packet through the router and let it do the work for you since it is probably (though not guaranteed) to be in the same broadcast domain. And this is going to be the key to what we do later.

Did we break our Internet?

Ok digression over…. we no longer have a default route, what now?

$ curl -4 -v www.example.com
* Trying 93.184.216.34:80...
* Immediate connect fail for 93.184.216.34: Network is unreachable
* Closing connection 0

Well that’s certainly no good. The “Network is unreachable”. What are they telling us? This simply means that the system could not find a route to get to that network. This is confirmed by asking that more explicit question.

$ ip route get 93.184.216.34
RTNETLINK answers: Network is unreachable

Can we make it reachable?

Let’s go wild and say that anything that starts with 93.184 should be sent over enp1s0. In other words, we are saying “I believe that 93.184.0.0/16 can be reached directly on my local network, just like all these 192.168.122.x addresses”.

$ sudo ip route add 93.184.0.0/16 dev enp1s0

Does that fix it?

$ curl -4 -v www.example.com* Trying 93.184.216.34:80...
* connect to 93.184.216.34 port 80 failed: No route to host
* Failed to connect to www.example.com port 80 after 3049 ms: No route to host

The error is a bit different, it no longer says that the network is unreachable, but that there’s “no route to host”. What might that mean? It is perhaps confusing that the error is “no route”, since we literally just added a route. Perhaps another way to interpret the error is “I was unable to find a system on a the layer 2 network willing to accept a packet for that IP address.” Though “no route to host” is perhaps slightly more concise.

Let’s take a brief look at what’s happening over the wire when we were attempting to reach http://www.example.com’s IP

$ sudo tcpdump -e -nn -i enp1s0 host 93.184.216.34
listening on enp1s0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), snapshot length 262144 bytes
21:31:07.021738 52:54:00:6f:4c:b2 > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: Request who-has 93.184.216.34 tell 192.168.122.76, length 28
21:31:08.034614 52:54:00:6f:4c:b2 > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: Request who-has 93.184.216.34 tell 192.168.122.76, length 28
...

Alright, so it looks like it’s issuing ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) requests to the whole layer 2 network (dest=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, aka the broadcast MAC address) asking if anybody has that IP address. Now, we of course know that nobody does. (This may have you thinking… what if someone claimed to? Indeed. Indeed.)

Another way to interpret this ARP requests is “Is there any system out there which is willing to aid me in getting packets to 93.184.216.34”, rather than who “has” the IP.

We happen to know exactly that system! That’s the job of the router. Or more specifically in our case, it’s the job of the router that’s acting as our “default” to handle any traffic that otherwise doesn’t have a place to go to. Sounds a lot like what we’re trying to do.

A Wee bit of ARP

So what if we locally pretended that the router “has” the address of example.com? And based on those ARP requests we we have a hint as to how we might achieve that.

Let’s see what happens if we pretend that we received an ARP response from the router’s MAC address indicating it was willing to handle the traffic.

If you recall from above, we do know that the original “intended” default router has an IP address of 192.168.122.1. Do we know its MAC address? We can check via the convenient arp command.

$ arp -n 192.168.122.1
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface192.168.122.1 ether 52:54:00:e7:d1:8d C enp1s0

Let’s just copy that over and say that the IP address we’re reaching also has that MAC.

$ sudo arp -s 93.184.216.34 52:54:00:e7:d1:8d$ arp -nAddress HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface93.184.216.34 ether 52:54:00:e7:d1:8d CM enp1s0192.168.122.1 ether 52:54:00:e7:d1:8d C enp1s0

Let’s see if that fixed our problem.

curl -4 -v www.example.com
Trying 93.184.216.34:80...

Connected to www.example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
User-Agent: curl/7.81.0
Accept: */*

Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Sure thing, it did!

And we can see in the packet capture that indeed the traffic was sent to 52:54:00:e7:d1:8d

$ sudo tcpdump -e -nn -i enp1s0 host 93.184.216.34
21:38:49.369988 52:54:00:6f:4c:b2 > 52:54:00:e7:d1:8d, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 74: 192.168.122.76.33712 > 93.184.216.34.80: Flags [S], ...

This is exactly what the packets would look like had we just kept the explicit route that went through 192.168.122.1 (in this case), which is really just an alias to get to the Layer 2 MAC Address. The important thing to know here is that the router’s address just another device inside that 192.168.122.0/24 “link-local” address space that we can reach over Layer 2 because it’s on the same “link” (really, it’s just attached to the same switch).

Now, would you ever do this? Probably not. One contrived example is that you don’t want just any application to start spraying packets around the Internet but you want to very tightly control which addresses can even be attempted. And for some reason you don’t want to use IPTables/NFTables to achieve this. You could use the method above of removing the default route and then manually adding link-local routes to networks or IPs you wanted to reach.

Note that the exact same thing can be achieved by doing:

ip route add 93.184.0.0/16 via 192.168.122.1

Which is really just a more specific version of our original default route. But what’s the fun in that?

Additionally, the same thing would have worked targeting any system on your local network which you know has ip forwarding turned on (net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1). That’s literally all it takes on a Linux system to make something into a “router” assuming it knows how to reach your destinations

So what was the point of all this? This is really just about the equivalence of delivery “to” an IP and delivery to a “router” which you are hoping can assist with said delivery.

How I built some magic wands

Note: The bulk of this was written about two years ago. I realized I had never really posted it anywhere so I have updated in case there is interest in others of building something similar. I provide a link to the code I had on disk but it may not completely work as-is. In particular, I’m pretty sure that the Wiimote software isn’t able to work on the most recent versions of MacOS.

A little bit of a glue goes a long way. 

A little less than two four years ago my wife approached me about possibly building “working” Harry Potter-style magic wands for my daughter’s eleventh birthday party. I no longer remember exactly how I responded, but it was probably something along the lines of: “Uhhh… maybe?”

It turns out I did manage to make something that I thought was pretty neat. More importantly, my daughter and her friends seemed to enjoy it. Most importantly, my wife liked it.

This is the journey as I recall it make magic wands that actually work on the cheap. Feel free to jump straight to the end for directions, source code, and anything else I can think of to hopefully help you make your own. 

This project was really broken into four sub-projects

1. The “wands” themselves
2. A mechanism to recognize “spell” gestures
3. A mechanism to perform actions based on recognized “spells”
4. Doing stuff with the wands

Phase 1a – Prototype wands

The sub-project of the wand itself had two mini-tasks within it:

1. What would be the primary technology for the wands?
2. What would be the method to “see” the wands?

Is it possible? What would a wand be?

At the time that I was asked to do this, the Harry Potter world was already popular and had working magic wands. So it was certainly possible. Now to figure out a way to somewhat reproduce that. 

An early thought I had was that I already had something in the house which I could wave around and have its actions reflected on screen: a WiiMote! I figured that was likely sending out some IR signals to the sensor bar which was feeding into the Wii. 

But I was wondering to myself how I would reproduce the sensor bar. Turns out, I didn’t need to! The “sensor bar” of a Wii is nothing more than a couple spaced out IR Leds which the WiiMote detects. 

Some people have even replaced their sensor bars with candles, which strikes me as somewhat of a fire hazard. 

This meant that the WiiMote actually had the smarts to detect the IR light and ship that information over to the Wii to act on. Wikipedia of course has a great summary of the capabilities of the Wiimote. 

If the WiiMote were to be made stationary and the source of IR moving, we at least in principle have the very beginnings of the capability to “wave a thing around and have it do stuff.”

I did some searching around to see if this was crazy and found out that people had made sweet IR + WiiMote digital whiteboards. 

I had no desire to spend a bunch of money trying to figure out what I could make, so I thought to myself: Do I have a means of generating IR signals with something that I can move around? Yes I did. Like most people, I had a few TV remotes around. 

Now that I had an idea for what the wand would be, I needed a way to implement something with the computers and hardware I had available. The only development machine I had access to was a Macbook, so I began hunting for how to attach a WiiMote to a Mac via Bluetooth to receive those sweet, sweet coordinates. 

I landed in WJoy, which was a set of drivers and an application for connecting the WiiMote for use as a gamepad. More importantly, it also includes source code for an application framework that can be integrated into your own application. 

At the time of this writing, the binary for WJoy is no longer downloadable as the developers have removed it due to security constraints for low level driver access in new versions of MacOS. I believe that in order to run it in anything past Sierra, it is necessary to remove some security restrictions to enable the drivers to work. I would never recommend you do something to place your machine at risk of vulnerabilities. I’ve since come across DarwiinRemote, but have not tried it. It may have the same driver signing issues. 

I was a bit rusty, but I managed to get a simple Cocoa application going in Objective-C (it turns out now Swift is the thing..) which could pair with a WiiMote and collection x,y positions and draw those on the screen. The “resolution” if the points is 1024×768 and there could in theory be four wands being detected at once. I was pretty much done!

Phase 2a – “Spell” recognition

The second major block of work was being able to recognize “spells”, which presented major questions:

1. How would I “recognize” spells? 
2. How do I convert recognized spells into a desired action in the real world?
3. How do I convert desired actions into actual actions

Having a wand and a means of seeing it move, I needed to move onto figuring out how to translate wand motions into a recognized “spell.” 

Idea 1 – Handwriting?

The first thought I had was that perhaps spells could be treated as if they were letters or handwriting. That made me think of computer vision or OCR. I spent a couple of days reading the documentation for the OpenCV project. This was a dead end for me as I the learning curve seemed high and it was significantly more powerful than what I thought I actually needed. Had I went with using a camera to record the wand moving I believe that would have been a more appropriate solution. 

Idea 2 – “Mouse” gestures

My next idea was to think of the points being received from the WiiMote as if they were mouse gestures. In hindsight (always) this was more obviously the solution. I was thinking perhaps I could implement (or find) a custom gesture recognizer for Cocoa. I hunted around for built-in Cocoa frameworks or Objective-C libraries that would take arbitrary points and convert them to a recognized “gesture” which could then be sent along to the next phase in the pipeline. 

I eventually found the PennyPincher algorithm by Eugene Taranta and Joseph LaViola, which was designed for very fast recognition of gestures against user-defined “templates”. Remarkably, the algorithm operates on a very small re-sampled points from the templates (and user action). Even better, there existed an MIT-licensed Swift-based UIGestureRecognizer of PennyPincher. It was for iOS rather than MacOS but I could work with that. The implementation was even submitted to Hacker News but it doesn’t appear to have made it to the front page. 

I downloaded the framework and sort of shoved it into my application. I opted to not attempt to actually make use of the GestureRecognizer portion of the code and instead integrated directly with the implementation of the raw PennyPincher template recognition. A simple mode was added where I could draw something on the screen with my “wand” (still a TV remote) and then give that a name (e.g. “alohomora”). This tuple of (name, points) is passed to the PennyPincher library to create a “template” which it hands back. 

Recognizing a spell is just taking the points received and passing the list of “templates” to the PennyPincher library and asking it to hand back the name of the template which was the best match. The important bit here is that there are multiple templates with the same name but I have found that there is often only a need to “train” only a couple variants of each spell. 

And so in  April of 2018 I had a basic prototype going where I could point the remote control at the WiiMote, wave it around in some appropriate shapes, click a button and have the program display the name of the recognized spell. And now we’re pretty much done! 

Apparently I actually believed that too, as it was more than a year before I picked back up where I left off, with six weeks until my deadline. 

Phase 1b – More better wands

As my brain got back into the game of building the wands for the party, it became clear that having kids wave around a TV remote would be less-than-impressive and there was no way it would pass the Wife Acceptance Test. 

My wife and her friend had plans for what the wands would look like, with major sources of ideas were some existing LED-based wands from Vintage Kitty and an Instructable by “mostlyglue”. The directions for either of those could likely be followed, just replacing the colored LED with an IR LED.

NOTE: I am more of a software than hardware guy, so am merely presenting what I ended up building. There’s possibly all sorts of things I did wrong here, but it did end up working.

But for reference, the actual wands we created were based on (these are not affiliate links):

1. A skinny dowel (we grabbed some packages of 10 from Michael’s)
2. 5mm IR Led (I used these “Super-bright” ones from Adafruit)
3. A 1.5V “hearing aid” battery (I purchased a 24 pack of LR44 style from Amazon)
4. A small tactile switch (12mm square from Adafruit)
5. Wires (I bought this set of 22 AWG spools from Adafruit)
6. Solder – I’m going to admit I was pretty half-assed here and only solder’d 30% of the wands. I had no soldered previously so was not very confident in doing in right. 
7. Electrical tape – Wrapped around the wood as a base, and also around all of the electronic bits
8. Hot glue – This came later when some post-clay wands stopped working which I believe was due to moisture creating electrical issues. One of the links above suggested using hot glue at the place where the connections were made to protect them. Appeared to solve the problem

I originally didn’t want to even have a switch so it would seem more magical, but having 17 constantly on IR LEDs waving around would have created less-than-ideal tracking conditions. 

The circuit is dead simple (no resistor was needed as the battery I used essentially matched the voltage of the LED). 

Here is some before and after images of the wands

One thing that should be clear from the images is that these wands did not have replaceable batteries and were really “one-time” use during the party. The intent was that the wands themselves became take-home party favors, just non-functional once the batteries died. Some of the above links use replaceable batteries. 

Phase 3 – Connecting to the Real World

Drawing some pictures by waving around a stick is kind of neat, but the actual ask from my lovely party planner was for the wands to actually do something. From the beginning I assumed I would use either a Raspberry Pi or an Arduino. The full extent of my knowledge was that the Raspberry Pi was a very small form-factor computer and the Arduino was a programmable processor that you could attach sensors to. 

I thought about it a bit and figured my essential requirements were something that I could send a signal to in some form which would then translate that signal to powering on one or more devices. This seemed more appropriate for the Arduino to handle. 

Arduino

I went to my local Fry’s a couple of times and ended up getting the TinyDuino Arduino-compatible board. Specifically the coin-cell Starter Kit (for what I built, the $30 Basic would have sufficed). At 3V it does 4Mhz but with the USB it ends up with 8Mhz. Clearly not doing any major processing, but enough for my needs (I hoped)!

The incredibly tiny form factor of the TinyDuino was enticing in case I wanted to attempt to embed the device directly in something that I wanted to control. 

I initially assumed that the Arduino part would be standalone, but for what was built for the party it was always attached over USB to the computer so I drew power the laptop rather than a battery. 

As part of my ongoing quest in this project to glue as much stuff together that Just Worked, I needed to find the simplest way possible to tell the Arduino to Do Something once a gesture was recognized. I briefly explored using the Wifi or Bluetooth module (both were more expensive than I wanted to spend when I wasn’t certain of the approach) but ended up using the USB connection that normally used for flashing the Arduino with new firmware. That turns out to be a serial connection to the Arduino and can be used for communication (and power!). 

Firmata

The question then was: How do I send signals over serial to the Arduino and have it respond? 

Someone else had the answer in the form of the Firmata protocol. It is literally described as “a protocol for communicating with microcontrollers from software on a computer”. Wow, that sounded exactly like what I needed! The protocol is based on the MIDI message format (often used for communicated with music keyboard). 

The Firmata firmware is included with the Arduino IDE, and I simply had to flash it from there. Almost comically easy. 

Next up: Is there a Swift or Objective-C library that can speak Firmata? 

I wasn’t able to find anything that met my needs, but I came across a NodeJS (Javascript) library called Johnny Five, which is a general purpose robotics library which uses Firmata to communicate. It is also possible to use the lower-level libraries which Johnny Five itself depends on.

var five = require("johnny-five");

var board = new five.Board();

board.on("ready", function() {

  // Create an Led on pin 13

  var led = new five.Led(13);

  // Blink every half second

  led.blink(500);

});

Copying from their sample, you can see simple the library is to use:

Wowsa. 

Spells-over-http

I embedded code very close to that into a NodeJS express app. This was completely overkill but time was of the essence and I did not want to devote any more time than I needed on the infrastructure. 

So the app itself is just:

const app = require('express')();

const port = 3000;

var five = require("johnny-five"), board = new five.Board();

var led = null;

var light = null;

board.on("ready", function() {

 led = new five.Led(12);

 light = new five.Led(4);

});

app.get('/lumos', (request, response) => {

  console.log("LUMOS");

  if (light) {

    light.on();

    response.send("On!");

  } else {

    response.send("Not yet initialized");

  }

});

app.get('/alohomora', (request, response) => {

  console.log("ALOHOMORA");

  if (led) {

    led.on();

    response.send("On!");

  } else {

    response.send("Not yet initialized");

  }

});

// … and so forth for each spell

app.listen(port, localhost, (err) => {

  if (err) {

    return console.log('something bad happened', err)

  }

  console.log(`server is listening on ${port}`)

});

Isn’t it amazing the world we live in right now? With that dirt simple code and easy-to-install firmware, I can use HTTP to tell the Arduino to toggle some pins. 

Phase 4a – Making things happen

Alrighty! We are so close!

We’ve got wands.

We’ve got a means of detecting the wands.

We’ve got a means of recognizing wand gestures.

We’ve got a means of translating wand gestures into a desire to do something. 

Now we just need… the ability to actually do something!

This is where you can really get as creative as you want. My wife and I thought a lot about what we wanted to do and ended up landing on two interactions:

1. Turning on and off a light 
2. Unlocking and locking a box

I also looked into doing something with a fan and a feather but it was comically loud and I was not happy at all. 

Treasure box

In my constant effort to be able to ride on other people’s coattails, I looked for projects where a box was opened via an Arduino. There are actually quite a few projects for it and you could likely choose any of them. The project that I got the most final inspiration for was an RFID Lockbox on Instructables. I was already purchasing items before I realized that the actual kit was discontinued. However it provided me enough info that I was able to sort out something using a box that my wife had already purchased at Michael’s. 

Using the ideas I found from the RFID lockbox and random places on the Internet, I managed to get something working that I was reasonably pleased with following the massive procrastination providing limited time. What follows is by no means a well-polished box and again want to make clear that this is merely one way to accomplish the task.

I landed on the following parts list (these are not affiliate links, I am only linking to show literally what I purchased):

1. Small 12VDC push-pull solenoid – the movement on this is around ¼”. This is the “lock” and will rest right inside the strike plate, preventing upward movement until the solenoid is turned on, which pulls it back. 
2. A strike plate for a door
3. 12V DC power adapter – This powers the solenoid. Just picked up a random multi-voltage one from Best Buy which I think lost and happened to find something else around the house which worked. 
4. A 5v opto-isolated relay – This is necessary so that you can take the 12V (or higher) power but have it triggered by the low voltage (and low amp) Arduino. I think there are additional modules for Arduino which might make this easier, but I wasn’t quite sure what to look for and this worked. I actually got a pack of 2, which came in handy since the light project also used a relay.
5. A pack of “pigtail” cables which make it easier to connect the DC adapter
6. Hook-up wires to between everything. I mostly used the same wiring I used for the wands. 
7. Random bits of wood to hold the pieces inside the box (I had some 0.5”x2” around)
8. Electrical tape
9. Duct tape – Because of course

Here’s a hopefully reasonable circuit diagram (the “S” is the solenoid). The biggest trial-and-error was getting the positive and negative correct, as it wasn’t always all that intuitive to me. 

https://crcit.net/c/b0cd82ed5fa84d249596b07da4e330f3

I happened to have some small screws and plastic washers around, which I used to mount the solenoid to the board, and also to separate it from the wood. The solenoid would sometimes get quite hot (I don’t know if this was due to miswiring on my side or not). The relay also had a couple layers of electrical tape underneath and then was taped to the board. This is probably not electrically sound (again a reminder that this is just what I managed to get working, definitely not the best way). 

I had some servos and remote control for an airplane I bought — but never flew — 20 years ago. I had planned on making use of the servos but never was able to directly. Instead I cut the wiring harnesses to re-use them for my own purposes so that I could easily connect and disconnect the box. So in a way… the servos totally got used. 

Lamp

It goes without saying that one of the real world items to control would be a lamp. I knew this would most likely be the same as the treasure box, so one obvious means of achieving turning a lamp on and off would be the splice the relay inline with the wiring of an existing lamp. However, that would have been pretty destructive to the lamp and also would not support controlling other things. Helpfully, there are many tutorials on the Internet for how to create an Arduino powered power box. I simply followed the “Turn Any Appliance Into a Smart Device with an Arduino Controlled Power Outlet” provided by Circuit Basics (not sure who the actual author is). The only words I will add is that I think the directions make it sound like you would use the hook-up wire on the high voltage side, but the pictures show using wires from the surge protector cable. So follow what you see in the picture there. 

Phase 2c – Software Improvements

As is usually the case when your software meets the loving eyes of a significant other, there were some light observations and friendly suggestions for improvement. Sample dialogue after I proudly demonstrated waving the wand around and having the software successfully recognize the spell: 

Me: Voila! (paraphrasing)

SO: But I saw you hit a button

Me: That was just me telling it figure out what I did

SO: But I saw you hit a button

Me: I’ll fix that right away

Another briefer dialogue (monologue?):

SO: Shouldn’t the spells glow or something?

Yes, they should. 

And so the software became infinitely cooler when I tweaked it slightly to be essentially edge-triggered in its spell recognition. When the app sees points coming in, it will start collecting them. When it appears that the points have stopped (I think I used a 250ms delay), the software assumes the spell has stopped and it attempts to recognize the gesture. Voila! No more button and actually much more in line with how real touch gestures work. 

For doing the more better rendering, I just made use of Bezier curves between each point and messed around with the layer compositing options available NSLayer (via the XCode UI) and enabled a shadow setting that created a sort of “glowing” effect. 

That sounds way more advanced that it really is. Honestly, I spent the most time trying to figure out how the graphics context worked. There is always a current implied context being used, but I was trying to figure out how to associate the Path with a context. The code for rendering the spell (in Objective-C, which I know makes me a dinosaur):

CGContextRef myContext  = [[NSGraphicsContext // 1

                          currentContext] graphicsPort];

     NSBezierPath *path = [[NSBezierPath alloc] init];

     [path setLineWidth:3.0];

     [[NSColor colorWithRed:0 green:0 blue:205 alpha:1] set];

     [[self pixels] enumerateObjectsUsingBlock:^(id  _Nonnull obj, NSUInteger idx, BOOL * _Nonnull stop) {

        NSPoint point = ((NSValue*)obj).pointValue;

  // (xFact, yFact) is just to scale to point into the viewport

       // You are probably supposed to do Affine transforms directly on

  // the path or something

        NSPoint modified = NSMakePoint((1024 - point.x) * xFact, point.y * yFact);

        if (idx == 0) {

            [path moveToPoint:modified];

        } else {

            [path lineToPoint:modified];

        }

        [path moveToPoint:modified];

        // This part is just to show the individual points its receiving, which is not necessary to show the path itself

        [path appendBezierPath:[NSBezierPath bezierPathWithRoundedRect:CGRectMake((1024 - point.x) * xFact, point.y * yFact, 5, 5) xRadius:5 yRadius:5]];

    }];

    // This is the bit that threw me for a while trying to determine

    // *where* it was actually stroking

    [path stroke];

It works!

With about 3 days remaining we came up with a (not necessarily original) warrant for the whole wand “experience”: Charms Class. 

The “students” would come into one of the rooms which had the software presented on a flat screen hanging up on the wall. The Wiimote was semi-hidden by a stuffed owl and some other remote controls. They each had a printed spell book that my wife made (which was quite awesome). Each student would choose a couple of spells to try from the spell book, and would see it presented on screen and recognized. The “test” mode was then initiated which would ask for a specific spell to be attempted and would let them know when they got it before presenting another spell.

Here is a video of things basically working

asks to to to cast wingardium leviosa

casted wingardium leviosa

correct!

The “final” test/reward would be them going into the “room under the stairs” (a literal closet that happens to be under the stairs) which was dark. They would need to perform a spell to turn on the light so that they could see. From there they would see the (locked) box and would need to unlock it with the correct spell. Once opened, the box was filled with some red “sorcerer’s stones” which they could then add to their goody bag. A friend of ours happened to have a string of red leds which was super impressive when placed under the translucent red stones inside the box, creating a really cool glow. 

The Code

Doing this write-up made me quite nervous about putting the code I wrote out there, as it is/was quite a mess and very much about Just Making It Work. My last experience with doing anything related to Mac develop was writing Objective-C for iOS, so that is primarily what I used. But it appears that the world has shifted to Swift (which I thought was still just the Hot New Thing, but seems in fact to just be the standard). So the code is a curious mish-mosh of Swift and Objective-C and shoving libraries into fit what I needed them to do. 

I made an effort to rework things for this so that it would be easier for others to use, modify and rewrite as necessary. 

It’s possible the above is no longer true (when I wrote it about two years ago). I have put the code up on github, but it likely needs some re-work to Just Work. If there is interest, I would be happy to see what I can do to get it into a state if it’s unusable now. But the important bits are present.

Anyhow, the code

Closing and Future Thoughts

To support a more self-contained system I think the aforementioned Raspberry Pi would be a good option to be able to accept input over Bluetooth from the Wiimote and perform the simple operation of translating to a gesture (PennyPincher is *intended* for fast CPU-limited calculations). In line with this, you can purchase 4-LED position sensors which could be attached to the Raspberry Pi or Arduino (however I cannot find the link for one now), which would eliminate the need for the WiiMote. There are also folks who have extracted the IR camera from the WiiMote and interfaced it with the Arduino. I am not sure what clock speed you would need to be able to run the gesture recognition, but my gut says the current Arduino devices (at least the one I bought) would not be up to it. Would love to be wrong about that! Attaching to the Raspberry Pi would likely be feasible as well. 

Appendix-of-fun A: PennyPincher

While doing this write-up I realized that I actually had no real understanding of the PennyPincher algorithm (I just knew that it translated a set of points into a template and could match an input with a list of templates, which was my only requirement). And reading up a bit on it now it clicked why when I added load/save functionality it caused spells to stop working: I had thought the algorithm just stored normalized equidistant points rather than the vectors between those points!

Sample template for “incendio” (read this as [delta-x,delta-y])

-0.22553337249078115,0.9742354427410935

-0.20349388626843995,0.9790762167734274

-0.28365229341319453,0.9589272008038122

-0.6666202338688895,-0.7453975206536355

-0.40049162128800736,-0.9163004208653968

-0.24587721760380032,-0.9693009820811147

-0.34067260668429067,-0.9401819903906533

0.9190902460140412,0.394047103379595

0.941793902415372,0.33619078716292156

This can be converted to a GnuPlot compatible vector data by assuming the first point is (0,0) and applying the math for each (the subtraction on the “x” is because of how the data is received from the Wiimote):

awk -F’,’ ‘BEGIN { OFS=”,”; x=0; y=1; }\
 {print x,y,-$1,$2; x -= $1; y+= $2}’ |\
 gnuplot -p -e “set datafile separator ‘,’;\
 set terminal svg dynamic;\
 plot ‘-‘ using 1:2:3:4 with vectors filled head lw 3″

If you look at the GNUPlot images below, I’ve plotted a sample of some of the trained “templates” emitted by the algorithm. 

As you can see, the distance between each point is equal, which is one of the simplifying assumptions of the algorithm. And since we are just using vectors (think: SVG), the algorithm is insensitive to both translation and scale! It only cares about the “error” in angles between subsequent points. Some clever folks there.  

However, one quirk of the implementation that I have noticed is that since it effectively pairs up points between the template and the current input, so any templates with a small number of points that happen to look quite similar to the “beginning” of the input may get improperly matched if there is more variance in later points. 

For example “lumos” spell is just straight lines going up and down and so don’t have very many points compared to other longer gestures. So there was a tendency in some situations to recognize spells as “lumos”. However it will only insert a single extra point between “widely spaced” points. A potential fix for this is to ensure that multiple in-between points get inserted during resampling so all templates and inputs have the actual same number of points. 

More hot emulator action

After seeing a random Facebook comment from a friend, I spent quite a few hours this weekend working on my NES emulator to get the game “Low G Man” working. Turns out the issue was related to the fact that an NMI (Non-maskable interrupt) can occur mid-cycle, and that particular game waits around for the VBLANK (which is what generates the NMI) to occur (other games do this as well). Unfortunately, because my emulator doesn’t really support intra-instruction events (the emulator is single-threaded), the loop waiting for the VBLANK would never see it.

Essentially what I think was happening was

; wait for VBLANK
LDA $2002
BNE ...
(let PPU run... VBLANK occurs... causing NMI)
(NMI interrupt handler runs... which reads $2002, clearing it)
LDA $2002; this now doesn't see the VBLANK because the NMI handler cleared it
BNE ...
LDA $2002;
BNE ...

I added in a modification that the PPU (or anyone) could tell the CPU “hey, this NMI actually occurred a litte later than you think”, allowing for one extra instruction to execute. Which, in this case, is enough to get it out of the infinite loop.

So, effectively it now does

LDA $2002
BNE ...
(notify PPU to do work, generating VBLANK + NMI)
LDA $2002; see the VBLANK
(NMI handler runs, but the LDA has already had a chance to run)
BNE ...
; yay, outside loop!

I had previously done a hack of setting the “sign” flag (which is what the BNE is actually looking for, because it is that highest bit) in the CPU NMI callback, based on a recommendation of something I found. But this felt like a horrible hack. I’m not certain that the new way isn’t a hack as well, but I think it is at least more “realistic”.

On another note, I’ve put the emulator into github:
https://github.com/jdewald/qjnes

I couldn’t think of a name (JNES is already taken), so I just did Quay’s Java NES emulator (qjnes). Note that this is still technically both a C64 as well as an NES emulator.

If you do happen to download it, you can fire it up with ant:
ant nes -Drom=

While you can play a lot of games with it (Super Mario Brothers 3 plays well, Kirby’s Dreamland played well last time I check)… there is no sound and many glitches (it is remarkably how ‘perfect’ some games require the system to be). This is not the emulator you want to get if you actually want it for “fun” (Nestopia and the likes are for that). It was purely so I could “see if I could”.

It doesn’t do anything cool like bytecode manipulation and JIT compiling… because it doesn’t need to on a modern computer. I finally added code to sleep, because on my Macbook PRO it runs well over full speed, so I now try to keep it around 60fps.

Aspartame and Formaldehyde

After much too long, I’ve finally done a short article talking about aspartame and the claims relating to formaldehyde and other health hazards. Available on my other blog at: http://wp.me/pH6F5-S. In short, the consensus of science indicates that there is no reason to be concerned about any aspect of the consumption of aspartame. Any reports have been purely anecdotal or simply made up. Naturally, YMMV.

What does the science say:H1N1

On my other blog, I’ve done an overview of the H1N1 virus and vaccine.

Summary:

The “pandemic” H1N1 (aka “swine flu”) is a very serious strain of flu. It is separate from the standard seasonal flu and to be protected for both you have to vaccinate from both. The actual effects are similar to the normal flu, which kills about 36000 people a year. The expected combined deaths of seasonal flu (3 strains) and H1N1 is about 65000 deaths. The H1N1 vaccine has been shown to be as safe and effective as the normal seasonal vaccine that people take yearly.

What does the science say: 8 glasss of water

For those interested, I’ve published my latest science-y essay. This time the topic is whether or not we really need 8 glasses of water a day.

Article found here: http://whatdoesthesciencesay.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/8-glasses-of-water-a-day/

 

Poll for next topic

I’ve put up a poll in the sidebar of my other blog for those interested in the science topics I have been doing (vaccines and energy drinks so far).

The poll should also be available below (you can enter up to 3 answers or do a write-in):

What does the science say: Energy Drinks

I have posted a new entry on my new blog devoted to these things (so my programmer readers don’t have their RSS reader unnecessarily flooded with large texts about things they don’t care about). This one is about energy drinks, specifically whether or not they are bad for you. I don’t really make any attempt to show their benefits or efficacy.

Briefly: I can find no evidence that popular energy drinks are any worse for you than other soft drinks.

Available here:http://whatdoesthesciencesay.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/energy-drinks/ and here: http://www.40two.org/What_the_science_says_about_Energy_drinks.pdf

I am looking to create a more collaborative way of doing all these if any interest turns up… but right now I think most of this is for my own amusement 🙂

Cheers.

A response to some vaccination concerns

(Note: I have replaced the contents of the “response to some vaccination concerns” into here)

An easier to read and printable PDF be found at: http://www.40two.org/A_response_to_some_vaccination_concerns.pdf

Joshua DeWald

November 3, 2009

1. Introduction
   1. Impetus
   2. Disclaimers
   3. Methodology
2. The Claims
   1. Claim 1: Vaccines cause/lead to disorders on the Autistic spectrum (the route generally claimed to be via Mercury)
   2. Claim 2: 600 children died in Mbarara, Uganda following Polio vaccines
   3. Claim 3: Mitochondrial dysfunction coupled with (the mercury in?) vaccines can lead to Autism, and the CDC is investigating this
   4. Claim 4: The Amish do not vaccinate and have no cases of Autism
   5. Claim 4: Pharmaceutical companies lied about the levels of Squalene and Theanine in their vaccines
      1. Squalene
      2. Theanine
   6. Claim 5: Viera Scheibner, PhD has done “enlightening” research
   7. Claim 6: D B M Hall and C J Bacon have published a “plethora” of work linking vaccines and SIDS
   8. Claim 7: It took a long time for people to accept Copernicus, therefore anti-vaccinations claims should be taken seriously
3. Conclusion
4. Appendix I: Further References
5. Appendix II: Who Cares?
   1. Why do we even care about all these diseases since nobody gets them?
   2. Were the diseases really that bad, can’t we just stop vaccinating now?
      1. Hepatitus B
      2. Rotavirus
      3. Diptheria
      4. Tetanus (Lockjaw)
      5. Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
      6. Haemophilus influenzae tybe b (Hib)
      7. Pneumococcus
      8. Polio
      9. Influenza (“the Flu”)
      10. The CDC has an informative page about the misconceptions about the risks of the flu vaccine .
      11. Measles
      12. Mumps
      13. Rubella (German Measles)
      14. Varicella (Chicken Pox)
      15. Hepatitus A

Introduction

Impetus

This article is another of mine that is really not connected with software engineering or programming. Unless you have children you will probably be confused as to why someone would actually care about this stuff at all. If you’re like most Americans you’re fully vaccinated and don’t know why you wouldn’t be. Vaccines are a known safe and effective way to prevent some of the past deadly and disfiguring diseases that afflicted mankind. So what’s the problem? Well, starting with a now-discredited study published in the Lancet in 1998, people have gotten the notion that vaccines (the study was actually specific to MMR) somehow lead to autism. They don’t any more than any other factors. Nobody knows what causes autism.

Then, others followed suit with various unsubstantiated claims about other dangers of vaccines. The worst part is that actors and media pundits (Jenny McCarthy, Jim Carrey, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., great scientists all) have taken up the “cause”. Unfortunately people listen to them. Oprah is willing to put them on TV without also showing that the scientific community has continuously disproved their claims. As a result, the herd immunity in some areas of the United States is beginning to drop and these diseases (especially Polio, Mumps, and Measles) are making a slow comeback! If you probe those who oppose vaccinations it will always end up back with the autism claims.I recently linked to a Bad Astronomy article “thanking” anti-vaxxers in a tounge-in-cheek sort of way. I actually didn’t expect much of a response but it did receive some comments pointing to some studies that potentially showed vaccines to be harmful. It turned out that for the majority of the converstion that ensued I was on the road to Vegas and so was not able to be involved in the majority of the debate. At this time, what appeared to be a large amount of evidence was brought forth. It seemed to me to be in my child’s interest to take a look at these and see if there was anything to them. I wanted to address to specific studies and evidence that were brought to my attention. The document is based on the information I found both on the claims and the research which refutes them.Before I really get started I fully acknowledge that this document will not persuade anybody who is already convinced that vaccines are dangerous and that the CDC, American Association of Pediatrics, the Aspies for Freedom, the majority of doctors and the scientific community at large are in cahoots to censor and hide the “truth” about vaccines.

This document is really intended for those who, like me, believe that the CDC, AAP, FDA and doctors have our best interests at heart and are doing their best to keep track of the latest substantiated research. Based on the comment thread you could have gotten the incorrect impression that there is in fact of scientific controversy about vaccines. There only is if you also consider there to be a controversy about whether or not we landed on the moon or whether or not the Earth is flat. In other words, there are some people who have a strange agenda against vaccines. But they have not in any way presented credible evidence. In the few cases that they even present testable theories, they have been quickly disproven.

This document is so when in the future you hear about these claims you can know that they are either completely untrue or not relevant.

I have made a very concerted effort to address as many of the claims as possible, and have not intentionally ignored any of them. I would be happy to look into any I missed in later weeks (this current document was done over a weekend as I felt it incredibly important to get out as soon as possible).

My Worldview

• The Scientific Method is the only surefire way to determine the facts of the natural world
• The scientific community at large applies the SM to the best of it’s ability, and will discontinue or modify theories if the data and evidence no longer support them
• The SM was used to create the initial and subsequent vaccines
• The SM is continuously used to prove the efficacy and safety of vaccines
• When a testable hypothesis is put forward about potential risks of vaccines, the SM has been used to show that there is not in fact the associated risk
• Therefore, I believe that the all available credible evidence supports the safety of vaccines for the vast majority of people (a doctor can advise on the rare cases when it would not be advisable for that particular child’s situation and timing)
• I acknowledge that there could come a time in the future when somebody is able to provide some sort of evidence that holds water against vaccines (but it I find it unlikely)
• Until the SM method is used to provide conclusive evidence against the safety of vaccines, I will continue to support them
• Due to Herd Immunity, I feel that those who do not vaccinate their children because of misinformation are putting both their own as well as other children at risk who might not also be vaccinated (perhaps cannot afford it or have not reached the age to have the full schedule of vaccinations)
• The News Media has the prime purpose of being entertaining, and should always be taken with a grain of salt when reporting science stories (on either side of the fence). It is for this reason that I have tried my best to avoid linking to news stories but rather to the direct study or association site.
• There is no conspiracy to withold the truth the dangers of vaccines (rather, the supposed dangers get well publicised along with their scientific rebuttal… assuming they are testable in the first place)
• I don’t believe those who are anti-vaccination have any ill intent towards children or in any way intend harm. I just believe they are misinformed and have misplaced their skeptisim
• I am a father of one (and hopefully more later)

Disclaimers

• I have ABSOLUTELY NO training in medicine or anything related to it. I cannot stress this enough.
• I am completely in favor of vaccines and you will need very strong evidence to dissuade me otherwise
• Naturally when looking up this information, I had my own opinions of what was, and wasn’t, reputable and skipped over links that seemed to me to be imflammatory, anti-science or, in my opinion, clearly quackery. If your viewpoint on this is different then mine, then you might not have skipped those same articles. In that vein I have done my best to only link to things that most people would agree to be “unbiased” (or at least mostly mainstream). So even if it agreed with me but was just a random blog, it is hardly evidence of anything. My own blog included obviously 🙂 All I can honestly do is point to sources that seem to me to be as balanced as possible.
• Vaccination has become a very emotional issue, and I have my views on the matter. Please do not take my word on any of this. Talk to your doctor and do your own research.

Methodology

When available, I use primary sources (i.e. the actual studies) to link to and quote from. As much as possible, I don’t quote from the news media or even Wikipedia except where I consider the topic to be general enough that any reader would consider it as good a source as any. Finally, in terms of “final analysis”, I will quote from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Food and Drug Admnistration (FDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) and American Association of Pediatrics (AAP). Basically, because I cannot fully do my own meta-analysis or evaluation of the full body of science, I leave it to those who I consider to be the experts. This is where your own worldview is important… if you see any or all of them as being untrustworthy or shills for Big Pharma then naturally my arguments will hold no sway with you.

I do also provide some of my own commentary and analysis where I feel that I can properly summarize or link various pieces of evidence together. In the same vein as the policy of Wikipedia, I am not trying to do any “original research”, but merely to quote from and lead you to primary sources and the positions held there.

In some cases, the claims are disjointed enough or not backed by any primary source, and I have had to piece it together from news sources or other non-scientific sources. In those cases, the entire section (claim and response) most likely does not contribute anything one way or another.

Any time I have used a source other than CDC, FDA, NIH, AAP, etc I have pointed it out, and the reader can use their judgement on the credibility of that source.You could probably skip this whole article by just going to http://sciencebasedmedicine.org/reference/vaccines-and-autism/#Key%20Research which provides a list (with commentary) of all the major studies. However, my focus is specific to the claims that were presented to me.

The Claims

Claim 1: Vaccines cause/lead to disorders on the Autistic spectrum (the route generally claimed to be via Mercury)

Analysis

Dr. Wakefield’s 1998 Lancet-published study on MMR vaccine and Autism

In 1998, The Lancet published a study headed by a Dr. Wakefield which kicked off the most recent scares about the dangers of vaccines. In it, he claimed that the MMR vaccine led to autism in 12 patients¹. The current consensus is that this study was scientifically unsound and wrought with conflicts of interest in funding. The editor of the Lancet has since stated²:

There were fatal conflicts of interest in this paper. In my view, if we had known the conflict of interest Dr Wakefield had in this work I think that would have strongly affected the peer reviewers about the credibility of this work and in my judgment it would have been rejected.”

… As the father of a three year old who has had the MMR, I regret hugely the adverse impact this paper has had.” But he added: “Professionally, I don’t regret it. The Lancet must raise new ideas.”

Thanks to the UK’s Brian Deer and his investigative journalism into the study³ (applauded by the British Medical Journal), the actual fraud (including changing numbers in the actual study⁴ ) was brought to the attention of the world and scientific community. A reviewer from the mentioned BMJ had to say⁵:

Presenter and journalist Brian Deer seems to have singlehandedly eaten away at the MMR story. His clear and simple presentation of this, his latest chapter—describing an enormous clash and conflict of interest between science, business, huge egos, and the potential to make megabucks—belies the huge and prolonged efforts he has clearly gone to in trying to get to the bottom of the MMR tale of woe.

The Times article that reported on Brian Deer’s results led to a lawsuit by Wakefield and his funders, but all funding for that has since been dropped in the face of the lack of scientific credibility of the study⁶.

So before we’ve even gotten too deep… the study that kicked off the vaccine (specifically, MMR) scare in the first place was simply bad science and for personal gain.

(Added 11/11/2009): Amazingly… the folks at Age of Autism still think it’s a good idea to reference Andrew Wakefield as if he is a credible scientist!

Thimerosal

In the late 90s and early 2000s, the new reasoning was that it must be the mercury in vaccines. This is because a compound known as Thimerosal was used in the majority of vaccines as a preservative. Yes, Thimerosal has “mercury” in it, but it is in a form known as ethylmercury, which is completely different from the methylmercury used in industrial processes and which all studies on the effects of mecury have been made. No study has found that ethylmercury has the same toxicity (if any) that methylmercury has, in the levels that are in Thimerosal (if it seems strange to you that something could contain any mercury at all and be considered safe… consider the proverbial analogy that Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) are both very dangerous elements that when combined (NaCl) get you a tasty seasoning in the form of table salt)

None of the published studies were found to be valid or to show enough association to warrant actual concern. Nonetheless, the CDC (rightfully I supposed) and FDA decided to err on the side of caution and immediately recommend that Thimerosal be removed from vaccines given to children. Starting around 1999 and ending in 2001, this was completed (only the adult flu and Tetanus shots still contain it⁷). Not only have the rates not dropped, in some cases they have gone up.

The following study was performed on Danish children, but I believe it is still relevant as it looked specifically at the link between Thimerosal and Autism

⁸:

A total of 956 children with a male-to-female ratio of 3.5:1 had been diagnosed with autism during the period from 1971–2000. There was no trend toward an increase in the incidence of autism during that period when thimerosal was used in Denmark, up through 1990. From 1991 until 2000 the incidence increased and continued to rise after the removal of thimerosal from vaccines, including increases among children born after the discontinuation of thimerosal.

In another study done in California between 1995 and 2007 by the Department of Developmental Services (therefore covering both times with and without Thimerosal)⁹:

The estimated prevalence of autism for children at each year of age from 3 to 12 years increased throughout the study period. The estimated prevalence of DDS clients aged 3 to 5 years with autism increased for each quarter from January 1995 through March 2007. Since 2004, the absolute increase and the rate of increase in DDS clients aged 3 to 5 years with autism were higher than those in DDS clients of the same ages with any eligible condition including autism.

…

The DDS data do not show any recent decrease in autism in California despite the exclusion of more than trace levels of thimerosal from nearly all childhood vaccines. The DDS data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to thimerosal during childhood is a primary cause of autism.

In other words, as expected, autism continued to be found in children whether or not they received vaccines containing Thimerosal.

Specifically, from FDA’s note on the removal of Thimerosal¹⁰:

Thimerosal has been removed from or reduced to trace amounts in all vaccines routinely recommended for children 6 years of age and younger, with the exception of inactivated influenza vaccine (see Table 1). A preservative-free version of the inactivated influenza vaccine (contains trace amounts of thimerosal) is available in limited supply at this time for use in infants, children and pregnant women. Some vaccines such as Td, which is indicated for older children (? 7 years of age) and adults, are also now available in formulations that are free of thimerosal or contain only trace amounts. Vaccines with trace amounts of thimerosal contain 1 microgram or less of mercury per dose.

So, assuming you agree that my above references and logic are correct, any study “finding” an “association” between the mercury and vaccines and childhood onset of Autism that was performed prior to 2001 are not currently relevant.

Specific studies brought up in comment thread

As part of the discussion thread, it was claimed that a large amount of research had been done on this topic, and a few (of many) references were:

Bernard, S., Enayati, A., Roger, H., Redwood, L., Binstock, T. Autism: A Unique Type of Mercury Poisoning. Condensed draft of June 27, 2000.

Kanner, L., Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. The Nervous Child 1942-1943;2: 217-250.

CDC. Thimerosal in Vaccines: a Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service. MMRW 1999;48. 26:563-565.

CDC. Recommendations Regarding the Use of Vaccines That Contain Thimerosal as a Preservative. MMWR, 1999; 48. 43. 996-998.

Correspondence from Theresa(sic) Binstock to David Satcher, MD, PhD. July 5, 2000.

Edelson, S.B. Mercury: The Basis Cause of Major Chronic Diseases of the New Millenium, 2000.

Stajeck(sic), G.V., Lopez, G.P., Sokei, H., Sexson, W. Iatrogenic Exposure to Mercury After Hepatitis B Vaccination in Preterm Infants. Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 136, Number 5, May 2000, pp679-681.

Steuerwald, U., Wibe, P., Jorgensen, P., Bjerve, K., Brock, J., Heinzow, B., Jorgenson, E., Grandjean, P., Maternal Seafood Diet, Methylmercury Exposure, and Neonatal Neurologic Function. The Journal of   Pediatrics. Vol 136, Number 5, May, 2000, pp 599-605

Haley, Boyd presentation The toxic effects of oral mercury, Mercury Toxicity Workshop, Dallas, Texas, May 4, 2000.

Aschner, Michael. Environmental mercury toxicity presentation, Mercury Toxicity Workshop, Dallas, Texas, May 4, 2000.

Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Mercury Toxicity, March 1992, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

When another commenter in the thread noted that these articles were all older than 9 years (i.e. before Thimerosal was removed), the commenter acknowledged that these articles were old and offered another about Mitochondrial Dysfunction linkages to autism, which I’ll discuss in a later section.

However, I would like to continue on these specific sources because other readers may be directed to them in their encounters with those who are against vaccinations.

First, I invite the reader to do a Google search for “Bernard Kanner Thimerosal Correspondance Edelson Stajeck Steuerwald Haley Aschner” (the last name or major keyword from each “study”). Interesting. The large amount of separate research all seems to correspond exactly to (when I ran it) 3 search results containing the text of “Autism and Mercury: Testimony Presented By Stephanie Cave, M.D. Before the Committee on Government Reform U.S. House of Representatives July 18, 2000“. 1 of the links is to “Chelation Therapy” site, of which we’ll discuss shortly. The original source for the actual document seems to be a PDF now hosted on vran.org¹¹. If you think it’s just a coincidence, please note the misspelling of the last name “Stajeck” (the actual spelling listed in the referenced article is “Stajich”. That reference line by itself (without the “sic”) will lead you to the same articles.

Stephanie Cave’s Testimony

This isn’t actually a study so much as a speech given before the House of Representatives. Stephanie Cave is herself a family practice doctor, not a published researcher. In her speech she claims that incidence of Autism rose when Thimerosal was introduced in 1970. The current theory is that it is a result of changes to the method of diagnosing the full spectrum that the incidence seems to rise¹². She also mentions the Stajeck (sic) study, which should be noted to actually be only about pre-term (i.e. premature) babies and so was not actually a study of infants in general. In any case, the gist is that she believes that the mercury is most definitely the cause of the autism and causes all sorts of toxic effects. As discussed in the previous section, there has not in fact been found any association between the ethylmercury in vaccines and autism (made clear when it was removed with no change to the rate). The part I find most interesting:

Our medical training did not adequately prepare us for this challenge. We learned little about testing for heavy metals and even less about treating. The word chelation is not in the vocabulary of most physicians. The few physicians who are treating these children are inundated with them in their practices. The good news is that they are responding well to the chelation treatment. The changes in neurological functioning are remarkable with each day of treatment.

There’s that “chelation therapy¹³” again. Is this considered to be a safe and accepted practice for treating children with autism? No.

In fact, the “Aspies for Freedom” (not themselves scientists, but instead an association and forum for people on all parts of the autistic spectrum, so clearly having some vested interest) has this to say about their mission¹⁴ (second emphasis my own):

* To oppose physically or mentally harmful “treatments” targeting autistic people.

Due to the public perception of autism, a large number of unethical treatments have become quite common. These include physically harmful treatments (such as aversive behavioural therapies or restraints), mentally harmful treatments (such as 20-40 hr/week ABA, restriction of non-harmful stimming and other autistic coping mechanisms), dangerous non-medically approved therapies based on discredited theories or religious beliefs (such as chelation or exorcism), and therapies that would be called “torture” if they were used on non-autistic children (such as the electroshock “behavioural” devices).

So I’ll leave it to the reader to decide how credible the above testimony is and we’ll continue on with some discussion of the actual studies referenced in the article.

Bernard, S., Enayati, A., Roger, H., Redwood, L., Binstock, T. Autism: A Unique Type of Mercury Poisoning. Condensed draft of June 27, 2000.

This is was meta-study¹⁵ which the Institute of Medicine’s Immunization Safety Review Committee looked at and after reviewing initially¹⁶

concluded that the evidence was inadequate to either accept or reject a causal relationship between thimerosal exposure from childhood vaccines and the neurodevelopmental disorders of autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and speech or language delay. Additional studies were needed to establish or reject a causal relationship. The Committee did conclude that the hypothesis that exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccines could be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders was biologically plausible.

They recommended that it was prudent to remove Thimerosal from vaccines. However, in 2004 they issued their final report (same reference as above):

The committee concluded that this body of evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism, and that hypotheses generated to date concerning a biological mechanism for such causality are theoretical only. Further, the committee stated that the benefits of vaccination are proven and the hypothesis of susceptible populations is presently speculative, and that widespread rejection of vaccines would lead to increases in incidences of serious infectious diseases like measles, whooping cough and Hib bacterial meningitis.” In other words, this study did not lead to any consensus that there was a danger (but did indirectly lead to Thimerosal being removed).

Essentially, after much consideration (i.e. not simply pushing it under the rug) the study was found to not show a true causal link.

This is not to say Thimerosal was found to be dangerous in the doses given in the vaccines (“Several cases of acute mercury poisoning from thimerosal-containing products were found in the medical literature with total doses of thimerosal ranging from approximately 3 mg/kg to several hundred mg/kg.” however the dosage in vaccines is < 0.1 µg/kg/day. In other words, several orders of magnitude less than the amount that any study could find even a remote link to.

Kanner, L., Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. The Nervous Child 1942-1943;2: 217-250.

This is basically the initial study (note the date) on Autism itself. It really has no relevance to a discussion about vaccines (we all know about Autism).CDC. Thimerosal in Vaccines: a Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service. MMRW 1999;48. 26:563-565.Again this, is pre-2001 so does not represent the current state of vaccines. Even so, the actual statement¹⁷:

PHS and AAP continue to recommend that all children should be immunized against the diseases indicated in the recommended immunization schedule. Given that the risks of not vaccinating children far outweigh the unknown and much smaller risk, if any, of exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccines over the first 6 months of life, clinicians and parents are encouraged to immunize all infants even if the choice of individual vaccine products is limited for any reason”

because (emphasis my own)

there are no data or evidence of any harm caused by the level of exposure that some children may have encountered in following the existing immunization schedule. Infants and children who have received thimerosal-containing vaccines do not need to be tested for mercury exposure.

Not exactly an indictment of vaccines I think you’ll agree.

CDC. Recommendations Regarding the Use of Vaccines That Contain Thimerosal as a Preservative. MMWR, 1999; 48. 43. 996-998.

This is actually just the statement that (as the title mentions), recommended that Thimerosal be removed from vaccines as a precaution. I’ve discussed this above.Correspondence from Theresa Binstock to David Satcher, MD, PhD. July 5, 2000.

You’ll note this links to an article within the whale.to site, which I invite the reader to visit the initial home page of¹⁸ and decide on the general credibility of. The gist of this one is that the author Teresa Binstock feels that the statement put out by the CDC was inaccurate with regard to Thimerosal and should be fixed. I unfortunately don’t have the credentials to decide whether or not it’s actually scientifically sound. But given that clearly the CDC did not agree and autism rates  haven’t increased, etc, etc my personal opinion is that it does not hold much.

Edelson, S.B. Mercury: The Basis Cause of Major Chronic Diseases of the New Millenium, 2000

This is again pre-2001 and so not relevant to the current state of vaccines. Additionally, I challenge to reader/commenter to actually locate this article (the only result is for the Stephanie Cave link)¹⁹. The commenter perhaps was given a private copy.Stajich, G.V., Lopez, G.P., Sokei, H., Sexson, W. Iatrogenic Exposure to Mercury After Hepatitis B Vaccination in Preterm Infants. Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 136, Number 5, May 2000, pp679-681.

(Please note the name correction and that the link is via a site called “generation rescue” which was the only place I could find the full text as requires payment from Journal of Pediatrics for the full text. I have no reason to think that the linked version is different from what was in the journal).

Firstly, this study is specific to pre-term infants, not children or full-term infants (though they were used as a sort of “control”). It found that levels of mercury were elevated after the Hepatitus B vaccine given shortly after birth. That said, as far as I can personally tell the study seems sound. The real issue with it is that it does not address (and admits so) what levels of mercury represent a risk. The study is really about the relative increase. From the discussion section²⁰:

Because we found a statistically significant rise in total mercury levels in these infants after vaccination, we are concerned about the possibility of compounding the neurologic risk for these infants. However, no information is currently available to suggest such a causal link with immunizations. Until thimerosal-free hepatitis B vaccine is universally available, there are few practical alternatives in those situations in which the mother is seropositive for hepatitis B. Further studies are needed to assess the pharmacodynamics of mercury over the first days and weeks of life after hepatitis B immunization.

Basically, the authors had concerns that because pre-term infants were so much smaller, the increase in mercury levels had a chance to be cause for worry. The scientific consensus (as mentioned above) as that the levels of mercury that might accumulate over the entire schedule of vaccines was never considered to be of high risk. In any case, this one was specific to pre-Thimerosal-free Hepatitis B vaccines given to pre-natal infants.

While I personally (as a non-scientist) felt the study seemed sound, it was referenced in 2008 in a paper called “Vaccination Safety Update“. In it²¹:

The fear that the brain development in young infants might be damaged by vaccines containing thimerosal was misplaced. Inadmissibly, the ethyl mercury burden was derived from guidelines for methyl mercury

That specific section footnotes to the Stajich article. So you be the judge.

Steuerwald, U., Wibe, P., Jorgensen, P., Bjerve, K., Brock, J., Heinzow, B., Jorgenson, E., Grandjean, P., Maternal Seafood Diet, Methylmercury Exposure, and Neonatal Neurologic Function. The Journal of   Pediatrics. Vol 136, Number 5, May, 2000, pp 599-605.

This study is actually about methylmercury, not the ethylmercury that was previously in vaccines. This sounds like an article on the effects of industrial mercury on the body of a fetus when the mother is exposed to the mercury. We know this is bad, and nobody would argue. It was never specifically relevant to the discussion of vaccines, and is especially irrelevant now (note the date, pre-2001).Haley, Boyd presentation The toxic effects of oral mercury, Mercury Toxicity Workshop, Dallas, Texas, May 4, 2000.

Good luck finding this one, so I can’t really evaluate it. Here’s the google search for it. Strange, once again only result is the Stephanie Cave testimony²².

Aschner, Michael. Environmental mercury toxicity presentation, Mercury Toxicity Workshop, Dallas, Texas, May 4, 2000.

I challenge the reader to actually locate the said presentation. The only reference to it is in the Stephanie Case document, and I have been unable to locate it. However, as best I can tell Michael Aschner is not a practitioner of pseudoscience and does not appear to ever make claims about vaccines or the ethylmercury that was previously in them. He’s a faculty member at Vanderbilt and these are the titles of the articles he published in 2000 and 2001 with respect to mercury²³:

Yao, C P, Allen, J W, Mutkus, L A, Xu, S B, Tan, K H, Aschner, M. Foreign metallothionein-I expression by transient transfection in MT-I and MT-II null astrocytes confers increased protection against acute methylmercury cytotoxicity. Brain Res, 855(1), 32-8, 2000.

Aschner, M, Yao, C P, Allen, J W, Tan, K H. Methylmercury alters glutamate transport in astrocytes. Neurochem Int, 37(2-3), 199-206, 2000.

Aschner, M, Allen, J W. Astrocytes in methylmercury, ammonia, methionine sulfoximine and alcohol-induced neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology, 21(4), 573-9, 2000.

Aschner, M. Astrocytic swelling, phospholipase A2, glutathione and glutamate: interactions in methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 46(4), 843-54, 2000.

Shanker, G, Aschner, M. Identification and characterization of uptake systems for cystine and cysteine in cultured astrocytes and neurons: evidence for methylmercury-targeted disruption of astrocyte transport. J Neurosci Res, 66(5), 998-1002, 2001.

Shanker, G, Allen, J W, Mutkus, L A, Aschner, M. Methylmercury inhibits cysteine uptake in cultured primary astrocytes, but not in neurons. Brain Res, 914(1-2), 159-65, 2001.

Allen, J W, Shanker, G, Aschner, M. Methylmercury inhibits the in vitro uptake of the glutathione precursor, cystine, in astrocytes, but not in neurons. Brain Res, 894(1), 131-40, 2001.

Allen, J W, Mutkus, L A, Aschner, M. Methylmercury-mediated inhibition of 3H-D-aspartate transport in cultured astrocytes is reversed by the antioxidant catalase. Brain Res, 902(1), 92-100, 2001.

Allen, J W, Mutkus, L A, Aschner, M. Mercuric chloride, but not methylmercury, inhibits glutamine synthetase activity in primary cultures of cortical astrocytes. Brain Res, 891(1-2), 148-57, 2001.

Allen, J W, El-Oqayli, H, Aschner, M, Syversen, T, Sonnewald, U. Methylmercury has a selective effect on mitochondria in cultured astrocytes in the presence of [U-(13)C]glutamate. Brain Res, 908(2), 149-54, 2001.

As far as I can tell from the titles he’s a mainstream scientist studying the effects of industrial (methyl-)mercury on cells. So this would never have been relevant to the claimed case against Thimerosal and is certainly not relevant now. For all I know, however, he is a card carrying anti-vaxxer, but it does strike me as unlikely.

Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Mercury Toxicity, March 1992, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

It sounds like it’s about the general toxicity of mercury from the environment (which again we already know is bad, and won’t dispute).

Summary

No association between the ethylmercury in vaccines prior to 2001 and autism has been found. The precautionary removal of mercury had no effect on the incidence of Autism.

Of the 10 articles (all strangely linked from a single document) presented as evidence:

1 (meta-study Bernard et al) was found to not have shown any causal link by the CDC.

1 (Kanner) is a description of Autism from 1943 and certainly not relevant to a case against vaccines.

1 (CDC/AAP joint statement) recommends continued vaccination given that there was little to no known risk outweighed by the risk of the diseases themselves

1 (Binstock correspondance) is not a study (in fact, Binstock was part of the meta-study with Bernard to be found wanting) but an opinion about the CDC/AAP statement.

1 (Stajich) is not a case against vaccines per se, but a reporting of an increase in mercury levels in pre-term infants given Hep B shots. It leaves open whether or not those levels represent a risk (and later studies found the levels to not present a risk)

2 (Steuerwald, Case Studies) are about methylmercury levels in the environment (seafood, etc)… you guessed it… not relevant

2 (Boyd, Aschner) – Cannot be fully evaluated as I cannot locate the supposed presentation. In the case of Aschner, however based on the author’s faculty page list of published papers, his studies are about methylmercury and makes not claims about vaccines.

1 (CDC Recommendation) does recommend the precautionary removal of Thimerosal, and so could be argued that it is in favor of the claim against vaccines. But reading the recommendation it is clearly pre-cautionary despite there being found no link between Thimerosal and autism.

So, if we put the CDC recommendation in the case against vaccines… then that’s 1/10. But even conceding that, it cancels out as the recommendation is about the removal of Thimerosal, which has been done to no effect.

Quite the mountain of evidence.

Claim 2: 600 children died in Mbarara, Uganda following Polio vaccines

Analysis

The source of this appears to be a transcript of a speech given at the 3rd Conference of the National Vaccine Information Center which was supposedly aired on C-Span (but I cannot find a video of it on the C-Span site, which does have video going back that far).So I’ll have to trust the transcript from whale.to (I always hesitate to link to this site, but it’s the only thing I can find related to this claim)

The relevant quote²⁴:

“At the main hospital in Mbarara during that month of 1977 more than 600 children had died following polio vaccination. 600 children,” writes Ugandan Kihura Nkuba. “So even some of the timid medical practitioners who were initially afraid to come out, started coming out giving information and saying ‘Oh, we knew this oral polio vaccine was trouble because as soon as the child receives it, they get a temperature and their health goes downhill and there is nothing that you could do.'”

I believe that the “1977” printed here should actually be “1997” as the context around the quote refers to the 1997 National Vaccination Day.

There was in fact the 3rd Conference from the National Vaccine Information Center in 2002. However, the National Vaccine Center, despite it’s title, is not a government or mainstream (bad word I know) scientific institution, but actually an anti-vaccine group. I found it interesting that the 2002 program has the heading “Anecdotal Evidence Shows the Way”. Sorry, anecdotes aren’t science. So you, the reader, can be the judge of even the general credibility of this group.

On the schedule linked in the above document it shows

2:45 – 3:15 p.m.

Kihura Nkuba

“Polio Vaccine Campaigns in Africa”

So I don’t see a real reason to doubt that he did indeed speak at the conference.

Regardless, he does not speak about the incident of 600 children from direct knowledge, but rather from what someone told him (so it is second hand) and there is no other record of it that I can find. He also does not make any claims that it was some sort of intentional death program (which most of the articles on the Internet linking to it claim). He instead expresses rather that the OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) which has a live virus but does not require trained nurses to administer was given improperly, and he wished that the IPV (Intraveneous Polio Vaccine) which does require a trained nurse but has no live virus would have been used. The controversy is that many of those who were given the oral vaccine were apparently already sick (according to him), which goes against the policy for administration in the US. In fact the use of OPV was discontinued in the United States in 2000 and in 2004 in the UK, but it continues to be used around the globe. The actual recommendation to discontinue appears to have been made in 1998 by the CDC²⁵.

Summary

In other words… anecodotally, the Oral form of the Polio vaccine may have been improperly administered in 1997 in Mbarara, Uganda. If this did occur, it is sad and possibly criminal if anybody knowingly gave the OPV to previously sick individuals despite policy. Whether or not this is true, it is absolutely irrelevant to the current (or most likely any time) in the United States. So, yes… if you are sick in a developing or third-world country… don’t get the oral form of the flu vaccine. Feel free to look up Polio itself to see if it strikes you as a good idea to avoid the vaccine for it (which even Mr. Nikuba does not go as far as to suggest).

Claim 3: Mitochondrial dysfunction coupled with (the mercury in?) vaccines can lead to Autism, and the CDC is investigating this

Analysis

The linked studies:

Daniel A. Rossignol, J. Jeffrey Bradstreet 2008. Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment. Journal of Child Neurology, Vol. 21, No. 2, 170-172 (2006) DOI: 10.1177/08830738060210021401

Mitochandrial dysfunction, impared oxidative-reduction activity, degeneration, and death in human neuronal and feal cells induced by low-level exposure to thimerosal and other metal compounds.. .D.A. Gaeier, P.G. King, and M.R. Geier 2008

The first study does not itself have anything to do with vaccine causes of autism with respect to Mitochondrial Dysfunction, but it will be related later.A portion of the abstract:

However, in many cases of autism, there is evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction (MtD) without the classic features associated with mitochondrial disease. MtD appears to be more common in autism and presents with less severe signs and symptoms. It is not associated with discernable mitochondrial pathology in muscle biopsy specimens despite objective evidence of lowered mitochondrial functioning. Exposure to environmental toxins is the likely etiology for MtD in autism.”

Those environmental factors are gone into more detail in the section called “Possible causes of MtD in Autism“, which does mention rubella and mercury. We can ignore the mercury portion because there is no longer a mercury compound in vaccines along with the previous found lack of association between mercury and autism.In the second, the main conclusion was:

The results of the present study showed that Thimerosal was able to induce significant mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced cellular oxidative–reduction activity, cell death, and cellular degeneration in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion.

Thimerosal is no longer in vaccines administered to children in the United States (see previous section). So I’ll need the current relevance explained. So unless mitochonrdial dysfunction has stopped…

And as usual, when available I prefer to link directly to the CDC’s current statement on this:

Do vaccines cause or worsen mitochondrial diseases?

As of now, there are no scientific studies that say vaccines cause or worsen mitochondrial diseases.  We do know that certain illnesses that can be prevented by vaccines, such as the flu, can trigger the regression that is related to a mitochondrial disease.  More research is needed to determine if there are rare cases where underlying mitochondrial disorders are triggered by anything related to vaccines.  However, we know that for most children, vaccines are a safe and important way to prevent them from getting life-threatening diseases.

Or if you don’t trust the CDC, how about the American Association of Pediatrics²⁶ (second emphasis my own):

WHAT IS MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE?

A recent case that was awarded compensation through the federal Vaccine Injury Compensation Program involved a child with a mitochondrial disorder or mitochondrial disease. This case has raised questions about what environmental triggers might bring on or worsen autism-like symptoms in children with such disorders.

• Mitochondria produce the energy needed for cells to function normally. There are a number of genetic disorders that cause mitochondria to produce less energy than cells need. Symptoms of these disorders can be very mild or quite severe. In some of the disorders, symptoms do not develop for many years. Some of the rarer mitochondrial disorders affect the brain and cause worsening neurologic symptoms over time. In many cases, an event that requires more energy, such as an infection, fever or other illness, can lead to the development of symptoms.
• Although details of the case and the decision cannot be disclosed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the agency published a statement on March 3, 2008, which said: “HRSA (the Health Resources and Services Administration) has reviewed the scientific information concerning the allegation that vaccines cause autism and has found no credible evidence to support the claim.”

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this was a unique case and information about it has not been accurately characterized in the media and other public forums. It represents one special case and does not change the immunization recommendations for children in whom vaccines are otherwise recommended.  More information is available at the CDC Web site: http://www.cdc.gov.

According to the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation, “There are no scientific studies documenting that childhood vaccinations cause mitochondrial diseases or worsen mitochondrial disease symptoms. In the absence of scientific evidence, the UMDF cannot confirm any association between mitochondrial diseases and vaccines.

The case being referring to is that of Hannah Poling, who’s parents won in a court case (not a scientific study) that a vaccine led to additional “stress” on a (possibly) pre-existing Mitochondrial Dysfunction. I’ve linked to the Time article that discusses the case.

Additional information about the link between Mtd and Autism (but not the link between vaccines and Mtd) (You’ll need to Google for “Mitochondrial Dysfunction May Play a Role in ASD Etiology” to be able to actually view the article (which is otherwise password protected).

According to Dr. Shoffner, previous recent research has reported that up to 20% of children with autism have hyperlactacidemia and increased ratios of lactate/pyruvate.

“When you consider the frequency of autism in the general population, and you take 20% of that as a rough estimate of the proportion of children that may have these biomarkers [of mitochondrial dysfunction], it begins to raise some interesting questions about how to approach diagnosis, mechanism of disease, and patient management in what could turn out to be significant numbers of individuals,” said Dr. Shoffner.

I’m actually pretty excited about this research as if we can even begin to show some genetic linkage to autism, we’re at least partly there. However, the claim that there is scientifically credible link to vaccines or that the CDC is even actively researching it is simply false.

Sidebar: Mark and David Geier

But lest you think that the article is simply irrelevant for time-based reasons, I would also like to provide some references as to the credibility of David and Mark Geier (a father and son team).

In a case of a little girl who suffered brain damage allegedly following administration of a DTP vaccine from Wyeth laboratories , Dr. Geier was one of the “expert witnesses” on the side of the plaintiffs. Due to his “expert” testimony on the toxicity levels, the plaintiffs were initially awarded $15,000,000.

However, it was later found that Dr. Geier had vastly over-estimated the levels of toxins

From the appeal transcript :

In fact, it later appeared that Dr. Geier had erred in his computation of the toxicity of the Wyeth’s DTP vaccine. Instead of Wyeth’s vaccine having an endotoxin level of 240 micrograms per milliliter, it actually had only a level of 20 micrograms per milliliter. Thus, when Dr. Geier was deposed in a later case entitled Talley v. Wyeth Laboratories, (case no. 87-349-C, E.D.Okla., Feb. 24, 1988), he testified:

107 Q: Your initial estimate of this Lederle [DTP vaccine] made by Wyeth was that it had 240 micrograms per milliliter, and then on subsequent reflection and further testing, you found that it had tenfold less than that; is that correct?

108 A: That’s right, that one looks like an error of–what we call an order of magnitude error, that is when I did the calculation, I must have missed a zero.

109 Q: And a tenfold difference can be pretty significant in terms of your opinion, can’t it?A: Sure.

110 (Tr. 468).

111 Dr. Geier, in a number of other depositions, had given substantially identical testimony to the effect that Wyeth’s vaccine is not as toxic as he originally thought it was.25 This testimony substantially undermined the weight of the evidence to which he testified in Graham’s case.

Due to this, the judgement was rightly reversed :

We will affirm the denial of judgment NOV, reverse the denial of the motion for a new trial, and remand to the district court for a new trial on all issues. Additionally, we will reverse the district court’s denial of Wyeth’s Fed.R.Civ.Pro. 60(b) motion for post-judgment relief. Inasmuch as we are ordering a new trial on all issues, we assume that the subject matter of Wyeth’s 60(b) motion will find expression during that proceeding.

I hesitate to link to Wikipedia, but this article is at least worth a look in terms of the Geiers credibility and ethics as scientists²⁷.

Summary

Yes, a link has been found between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autism (for potential 20% of cases of Autism). No, vaccines are not the cause. The scientific consensus (again, that’s all I can go with as I am not myself a scientist researching these things) is that the Poling case is a very rare one and interesting to study but is absolutely not representative of a reason to discontinue vaccination. The one article that specifically deals with the link with vaccines is no longer relevant (pre-2001) assuming that it was ever good science in the first place.

Claim 4: The Amish do not vaccinate and have no cases of Autism

Actually I’m going to directly quote the claim that I received:

.. don’t forget about the study of over 10,000 Amish children who had NO vaccinations, and they found not ONE case of autism.  … And again, scientists cannot even tell us what causes autism, and why it’s jumped so astronomically high in the past couple decades (Almost 1 in 100!) .. If even top scientists can’t figure out the cause, how do you know with such certainty?”

So there are 3 claims here:

1. The Amish don’t vaccinate

2. The Amish have no cases of autism

3. The normal (non-Amish presumably) rate of Autism has “jumped astronomically” in the past couple decades

Analysis

As far as I can tell, this claim originated with an article by Dan Olmsted of UPI. So first thing to note at this was not a scientific study, but a news story.

Actually, we’ll have to look further for the claim about “NO” children with autism²⁸:

I have come here to find them, but so far my mission has failed, and the very few I have identified raise some very interesting questions about some widely held views on autism.

…

So far, from sources inside and outside the Amish community, I have identified three Amish residents of Lancaster County who apparently have full-syndrome autism, all of them children.

So, maybe it’s from this quote, also from a Dan Olmsted article²⁹:

But thousands of children cared for by Homefirst Health Services in metropolitan Chicago have at least two things in common with thousands of Amish children in rural Lancaster: They have never been vaccinated. And they don’t have autism.

Or maybe that’s for the claim that they don’t vaccinate… ?

Anyhow, first off, Amish do vaccinate.

Unfortunately the directly linked study is only available via abstract, so I will need to take at face value the statistics quoted from it by the Left Brain/Right Brain site³⁰:

Responses were received by 225 (60%) of the 374 Amish households in the community with children aged <15 years. An additional 120 responses were received by households without children. A total of 189 (84%) households with children reported that all of their children had received vaccinations; 28 (12%) reported that some of their children had received vaccinations; and 8 (4%) reported that none of their children had received vaccinations

…

84% of Amish households reported all their kids had received vaccinations. Only 4% reported that none of their kids had received vaccinations. Among all respondents who knew their own vaccination status, 281/313 (90%) reported that they had received vaccinations as children.

That’s hardly a case of not vaccinating. The “Left Brain/Right Brain” site is run by 2 parents with children on the autism spectrum and a drug reaction specialist, so it seems to be at least reputable.

Ok, so claim #1 is out the water unless anybody can find credible evidence otherwise.

So let’s assume that #2 is true, namely that the Amish have a very low incidence of Autism. That would certainly not be a good thing for those who see vaccines as leading to Autism!

But let’s address the second part of the claim directly.

Another set of journalists (so presumably just as credible as Dan Olmsted) called up the Clinic for Special Children of Strasburg.

From Dr. Kevin Strauss, director of the clinic³¹:

Autism isn’t a diagnosis – it’s a description of behavior. We see autistic behaviors along with seizure disorders or mental retardation or a genetic disorder, where the autism is part of a more complicated clinical spectrum.” Fragile X syndrome and Retts is also common among the clinic’s patients.”

If that doesn’t seem relevant, the CSC³²

is a non-profit medical and diagnostic service for children with inherited metabolic disorders in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

This happens to be the exact area where Olmsted made his claims of there being no Amish with autism. Intriguing. Dan Olmsted makes the claim that because the CSC performs vaccinations that is why they see the cases with autism. You be the judge I suppose.

Additionally, the study “A study of Old Order Amish children has identified the genetic mutation that causes a previously unknown disorder, with seizures that progress to autism and retardation³³” was published by Strauss.So in other words:1. The Amish do vaccinate2. The Amish do in fact have cases of autism. The actual statistic that has been published for the general US population (as of 2000) is closer to 1 in 150 (8 in 1000) or about .67%³⁴. The “1 in 100” figure is an anecdotal claim about an “unpublished” CDC filing³⁵. In the section in Autism above I also addressed the claim about the rising figures.

 

The last bit to address is this magic number of “10000”. I believe that comes from another Dan Olmsted (shocking) article. But even from the title (“Olmsted on Autism: 1 in 10,000 Amish”) even Olmsted admits to some Autism (certainly not “NO”). Assuming that article is all factual in it’s research, even it admits to a 50% rate of vaccination among the Amish based on Dr. Wiznitzer (apparently a neurologist for the Amish).

So this is about all I can find in terms of a very low incidence of autism in the Amish (which should obviously be looked into) but it’s certainly not because they don’t vaccinate. I actually hesitated to quote from above given that it’s a news story rather than an actual scientific article. However, since Olmsted is the one making the claim in the first place, I admit that it is satisfying to use his own article against the claim.

Summary

I’ll admit this one is a bit of “he said, she said” with journalists given conflicting stories about the same apparent situation. However, the only actual scientific evidence on the situation finds that the Amish both vaccinate and have disorders on the spectrum of Autism.

As to the last part of the original quote… it is correct that “top scientists” do not know what causes autism. However, they do know that it is not mercury in the vaccines, nor has there been any association made between vaccines at all. So you can either choose the much higher risk of your child contracting a horrible illness against the completely disproven chance that your child would develop autism.

Claim 4: Pharmaceutical companies lied about the levels of Squalene and Theanine in their vaccines

Squalene

This is another one where I am unsure what the relevance is, I was not able to even find quack “science” claiming that squalene was bad.

From the World Health Organization (WHO) on the topic of Squalene³⁶:

* Squalene is a naturally occurring substance found in plants, animals, and humans. It is manufactured in the liver of every human body and circulates in our bloodstream

* Squalene is also found in a variety of foods, cosmetics, over-the-counter medications, and health supplements.

* Squalene is commercially extracted from fish oil, and in particular shark liver oil. Squalene used in pharmaceutical products and vaccines is purified from this source.

Continuing from the same page:

Since 1997, an influenza vaccine (FLUAD, Chiron) which contains about 10 mg of squalene per dose, has been approved in health agencies in several European countries. Squalene is present in the form of an emulsion and is added to make the vaccine more immunogenic.

I could stop here… as I’m not really intending to address European vaccines when they different from the US counterpart as my concern is whether children in the schools my kid attends are vaccinated or not and it would also be a comnpletely separate set of research to look into worldwide vaccines. Again (emphasis my own):

* Twenty two million doses of Chiron’s influenza vaccine (FLUAD) have been administered safely since 1997. This vaccine contains about 10mg of squalene per dose. * No severe adverse events have been associated with the vaccine.

* Some mild local reactogenicity has been observed.Clinical studies on squalene-containing vaccines have been done in infants and neonates without evidence of safety concerns.

* A few people have tried to link the health problems of Gulf War veterans to the possible presence of squalene in the vaccines these soldiers received.

* One published report suggested that some veterans who received anthrax vaccines developed anti-squalene antibodies and these antibodies caused disabilities.

* It is now known that squalene was not added to the vaccines administered to these veterans, and technical deficiencies in the report suggesting an association have been published.

Scary indeed. It’s also in fingerprints³⁷.

It has not been found to be dangerous at all, so whether or not they “lied” is not all that relevant. Until a peer-reviewed study can be presented that shows that this is even dangerous, there is no point in continuing here.

Theanine

Unlike squalene (which at least had people make unsubstantiated claims), I cannot find anything negative on Theanine. In an effort to at least discuss this, I’ll link to what I found.

I could really only find things along the lines of this. Apparently it helps make the Flu vaccine more effective³⁸:

Research has already shown that green tea may help reduce the risk of flu. Now, research has found that theanine, a rare protein found in green tea, combined with cystine (a more common protein) may increase the immune response of some elderly patients after flu vaccination.

I did find some references to l-theanine? In fact, just do your own Google search and try to find anything negative about l-theanine in the first few pages (most quack claims will show up right away)… so I am truly baffled as to what the issue is here (but I am no doubt someone will point it out).

On l-theanine (actually I think this is the research being referred to above)³⁹:

Co-administration of l-cystine and l-theanine before vaccination may enhance the immune response to influenza vaccine in elderly subjects with low serum total protein or hemoglobin.

Summary

Nothing to see here. I could find no evidence that either of the chemicals is even considered dangerous.

Claim 5: Viera Scheibner, PhD has done “enlightening” research

Analysis

Before we get started… a PhD is impressive but Dr. Scheibner’s (often misspelled as Scheiber) is not in one of the branches of science in any way related to medicine, epidemiology, childhood illness, etc.

It is instead in “micropalaeontology” [Wikipedia link] … she was an expert in very old tiny fossils⁴⁰. She has every right to research anything she wants (obviously that’s all I’m doing), but her PhD in this case does not make her any more authoritative than me or anyone else.

I invite the reader to peruse her various sites and decide on her credibility:

http://www.vierascheibner.org/

http://www.vierascheibner.com/

http://vierascheibner.net/

From her “About” page (emphasis mine)⁴¹:

…her study of baby’s breathing patterns and cot death in the mid 1980s clearly pointed to vaccines as being behind the majority of cot deaths

…

Despite extensive research of orthodox medical research published on vaccines over the past 100 years she could find no scientific evidence that these injections of highly noxious substances prevent diseases, quite the contrary, that they increase susceptibility to them, in addition to causing a host of immune disorders and other damage to the body, including the brain. She was forced to conclude that they represent nothing but a medical assault on the immune system. Having vaccinated her own two daughters when she was a young mother (and also having insisted on receiving a tetanus vaccine herself, not long before her research caused her to study vaccination) this was not easy to come to terms with.

Honestly, I highly doubt that even my commenter believes this nonsense emphasized.

For the first section, I think it seems only necessary to quote from the American Academy of Pediatrics⁴²:

Reports of a possible association between diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunizations and SIDS^81,82 brought forth a series of reviews and studies that refuted the association.^83,84 Still, of 100 deaths reported to the federally administered Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System from 1997 to 1998, approximately half were attributed to SIDS.⁸⁵ Recent reports, however, continue to show no association between immunizations and SIDS.86,87″

In addition to her views on vaccines, she is also a practitioner of homeopathic “medicine”⁴³ (from her site):

..Homeopathic remedies are an electromagnetic imprint of the structure of the substance on the soluent. Correctly administered, they address the individuality of disease conditions and there are no harmful side effects. After taking orthodox medications, people feel miserable, depressed, suicidal, even homicidal, while a few minutes after taking the homeopathic remedy one has a feeling of euphoria. This is particularly instructive with animals; one can hardly claim the placebo effect with animals.

I actually invite you to read the whole linked page… it’s laughably bad.

Homeopathy has absolutely no scientific or medical value. But this entry is not about that.

On her theories of the misdiagnoses of “shaken baby” syndrome (i.e. abuse)⁴⁴:

However, nowadays, with an alarmingly increasing frequency, the parents (or at least one of them, usually the father) may be accused of shaking the baby to death. The accused may even “confess” to shaking the baby, giving the reason, for example, that having found the baby lying still and not breathing an/or with a glazed look in its eyes, they shook it gently-as is only natural-in their attempt to revive it. Sometimes, ironically, they save the baby’s life, only to be accused of causing the internal injuries that made the baby stop breathing in the first place, and which in fact were already present when they shook the baby to revive it.

No matter what the parents say or do, everything is construed against them. If they are crying and emotional, they will be accused of showing signs of guilt. If they manage to remain composed and unemotional, they will be called calculating and controlling-and guilty because of that.

In another scenario the distraught parents try to describe the symptoms to an attending doctor in hospital or a surgery but are totally at a loss to understand what has happened to their baby. To their shock and dismay, they later discover that while they were describing the observed symptoms, the doctor or another staff member was writing three ominous words in the medical record: shaken baby syndrome.

Many of these parents end up indicted and even sentenced to prison for a crime that somebody else committed. Some of these cases have been resolved by acquittal on appeal or have been won based on expert reports demonstrating vaccines as the cause of the observed injuries or death. However, only God and a good lawyer can help those parents or care-givers who happen to be uneducated, or have a criminal record, particularly for violence, or have a previous history of a similar “unexplained” death of a baby in their care, or, worse still, a vaccine-injured baby with a broken arm or fractured skull. More and more often, the unfortunate parents are given the option of a “deal”: if they confess and/or plead guilty, they will get only a couple of years in prison; but if they don’t, they may end up getting 20 years.

So… a parent/nanny who has a previous history of violence or unexplained death gets to blame the vaccine on the strange coincidence of another child dying?

All I can say about this (as others would) is to think critically about the claim that a vaccine shot would over some period of time cause a child’s body to completely beat itself up (broken bones, brusies, etc) without the parents noticing. It is much more likely that the child was abused. There is no actual scientific study showing an association between vaccines and “shaking baby syndrome”. It is instead, as best I can tell, an unfounded theory of Veria Scheibner.

She makes claims that she is an “accepted expert witness for injuries caused by vaccines“⁴⁵. I challenge the reader to discover what any of the cases were or the outcome of them.

At first I was unsure how to specifically debunk her, but I think she mostly debunks herself for any reader who desires to peruse her site and “studies”. Because her claims are so unscientific and unsubstantiated. It is difficult to directly address the scientific credibility of her studies because she operates so far outside of the mainstream as to not be referenced or even refuted by other scientists.

Summary

Viera Scheibner [often Scheiber] holds absolutely not scientific credibility in the area of vaccination research or childhood disorders.

Claim 6: D B M Hall and C J Bacon have published a “plethora” of work linking vaccines and SIDS

The claim:

There is a plethora of work by C J Bacon and D B M Hall that outline studies between vaccinations and SIDS

Analysis

I challenge the reader to locate these studies, C J Bacon does in fact study SIDS (and D B M Hall co-authored one paper with him), but they certainly are not related to vaccines (not even tangentially).

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=sids+author%3A%22cj+bacon%22+&btnG=Search&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=sids+author%3A%22dbm+hall%22+&btnG=Search&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

How about just D B M hall by himself:

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22d+b+m+hall%22+vaccine (6 results at the time I did the search)

The first result almost looks promising, but it’s just a page that happens to contain the study by Bacon and Hall on the same page that mentions vaccines.

Here are a couple of Google searches you can use to try to find these claimed studies linking them to vaccines:

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&as_q=vaccine+sids&as_epq=&as_oq=%22c+j+bacon%22+%22d+b+m+hall%22

So I am uncertain as to why this was brought up as evidence, but I would certainly be willing to take a look at any studies by either of them that show this supposed linkage. Refer to the response to the previous claim as to the AAPs stance on vaccines and SIDS.

The studies:

C J Bacon, D B M Hall, T J Stephenson, M J Campbell. How common is sudden infant death syndrome? 

Abstract⁴⁶:

Recurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is rare but may give rise to confusion and controversy because of the differential diagnoses of familial disease or covert homicide. We examine eight studies of recurrent SIDS published in English since 1970. These studies reported relative risks of recurrence, as compared with the population or with controls, ranging from 1.7 to 10.1. We assess the validity of the studies by three main criteria: accuracy of ascertainment, adequacy of investigation and matching of controls. We found that all the studies failed to meet these criteria, and we think that their flaws would have resulted mainly in overestimation of recurrence risk. We conclude that, although an increase in risk is probable on theoretical grounds, this risk cannot be quantified from the available evidence. We suggest that professionals should be cautious in their pronouncements on the chances of recurrence, and that parents who have lost a baby to SIDS can, with the exception of particularly vulnerable families, be reassured that the risk of recurrence is small.

S Levene, C J Bacon. Sudden unexpected death and covert homicide in infancy.

Abstract⁴⁷:

It is impossible to be certain, but it is estimated that each year in England and Wales there may be about 30–40 infant deaths from covert homicide, which represents about 10% of the current annual total of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy. This paper reviews the features that have been suggested as possible indicators of covert homicide, describes the difficulties in its identification and the need for better evidence, and emphasises the importance of thorough medical investigation of all sudden infant deaths.

S R Limerick, C J Bacon. Terminology used by pathologists in reporting on sudden infant deaths

Results⁴⁸:

Replies were received from 63 pathologists who carry out necropsies after sudden infant deaths. There was a pronounced variation in their use of the terms “sudden infant death syndrome” and “unascertained”, with the last term being applied not only when there were apparently suspicious features but also in various other circumstances. Opinions were divided as to whether the term “sudden infant death syndrome” still serves a useful purpose. Deaths that had occurred while bed sharing were categorised in several different ways. Many pathologists commented on the inadequacy of the history available to them at the time of their report.

C J Bacon. Cot death after CESDI (note: I had to go through a free registration to view the full article)

From the Introduction⁴⁹:

The three year study of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), recently completed as part of the programme of the Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI), includes the largest and most comprehensive study of cot death yet conducted in the UK. Over 450 sudden deaths, of which 80% were classified as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were investigated in five (former) NHS regions between 1993 and 1996, both by confidential inquiry and by case-control technique. Outline results for the first two years were given in the third report of the National Advisory Body for CESDI while more detailed reports on various aspects of the case-control study are being published in professional journals. The national intervention on sleeping position in 1991 was followed by a marked and most welcome fall in the incidence of cot death, the national rate declining from 1.61/1000 live births in 1990 to 0.6 in 1993. However SIDS is still the largest category of deaths in the postperinatal period, and the SUDI study has shown that several major problems remain to be addressed. Some of these I should like to discuss.

C J Bacon. The case of Sally Clark (an article in The Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine).

From the text⁵⁰:

Since the large majority of SUDI, probably about 90%, arise from natural causes, a paediatric pathologist is the more logical initial choice. Early identification of a natural cause will spare the family from unjustified suspicion and the police from unnecessary work. If suspicious features are encountered, a forensic colleague can be invited to participate. Ideally a SUDI pathologist should have both paediatric and forensic qualifications, but very few have such dual training. Currently there is a serious national shortage of paediatric pathologists. Coroners may therefore have to refer SUDI cases to centres at some distance, accepting the delay in the interests of more expert assessment. If, however a non-specialist is selected, at the least it should be someone with an interest and experience in paediatric pathology.

C J Bacon, S M Hall. Haemorrhagic shock encephalopathy syndrome in the British Isles. 1992. Archives of Diseases in Childhood.

Abstract (emphasis my own)⁵¹:

The aetiopathogenesis of haemorrhagic shock encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) remains unclear and after concern that a novel environmental agent was the cause, the British Paediatric Association and the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre in 1983 initiated surveillance of this condition in the British Isles. After 1986 cases were ascertained via the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit ‘active’ reporting scheme; this report presents the findings for 1985-8. Sixty five patients were reported, of whom 52 satisfied the criteria for inclusion. Of those whose outcome was known, 24 (46%) died, 18 had severe neurological damage, and six survived apparently intact. Epidemiological features of note were: the median age of 15 weeks (range 3-140); statistically significant clustering of admission times suggesting a peak onset period at night; lack of geographic clusters, of secular trends and, except for a slight excess in winter months, of seasonality. Clinical and pathological features followed a highly consistent pattern, suggesting that HSES is an individual clinical entity distinguishable from conditions with similar presentations, such as septicaemia and Reye’s syndrome. There was no microbiological or epidemiological evidence to support the emergence of a novel environmental agent. Many of the features of HSES were, however, the same as those described in heat stroke and we suggest that the two conditions are the same even though there is usually no history of overt overheating.

C J Bacon, S A Bell, E E Clulow, A B Beattie. How mothers keep their babies warm. 1991.

Details of room temperature, clothing, and bedding used by night and by day and in winter and in summer were recorded for 649 babies aged 8 to 26 weeks. Room temperature at night was significantly related to outside temperature and duration of heating. Total insulation was significantly related to outside temperature and to minimum room temperature, but there was wide variation in insulation at the same room temperature. High levels of insulation for a given room temperature were found particularly at night and in winter, and were associated with the use of thick or doubled duvets and with swaddling. At least half the babies threw off some or all of their bedding at night, and at least a quarter sweated. Younger mothers and mothers in the lower social groups put more bedclothes over their babies, and the latter also kept their rooms warmer. Many mothers kept their babies warmer during infections.

Heartbreaking, but not related to vaccines.

Summary

Based on the available research, there is no correlation between vaccines and SIDS. Additionally, there appears to be nothing to the claim that C J Bacon has attempted to make this correlation.

Claim 7: It took a long time for people to accept Copernicus, therefore anti-vaccinations claims should be taken seriously

Analysis

This is a common and misleading tactic of the anti-vaccination movement (it’s actually got a logical fallacy devoted to it: The Appeal to Pity or the Galileo Gambit/Argument) .

Example⁵²:

For example, “Scientists scoffed at Copernicus and Galileo; they laughed at Edison, Tesla and Marconi; they won’t give my ideas a fair hearing either. But time will be the judge. I can wait; I am patient; sooner or later science will be forced to admit that all matter is built, not of atoms, but of tiny capsules of TIME.”

Another example⁵³:

The Galileo fallacy is the idea that if you are widely vilified for your ideas, you must therefore be right.

They made fun of Galileo, and he was right. They make fun of me, therefore I am right.

In “reality“, in order to wear the mantle of Galileo, not only must one be scorned by the establishment, but one must be correct.

Or as Carl Sagan put it;

But the fact that some geniuses were laughed at does not imply that all who are laughed at are geniuses. They laughed at Columbus, they laughed at Fulton,         they laughed at the Wright brothers. But they also laughed at Bozo the Clown.

Another formal quote, apparently attributed to Robert L. Park states:

It is not enough to wear the mantle of Galileo: that you be persecuted by an unkind establishment. You must also be right.

No doubt your response might be, “but that doesn’t make the theories wrong either!”. And you’d be right. The point is that what happened to Copernicus (or Galileo or Columbus) bears no relevance whatsoever on the truth of any claims. The only thing that matters is whether or not they are based on good science and that when tested, they turn out to be true. In all cases, when those with an anti-vaccination agenda actually create a testable theory, the science doesn’t hold up and they turn out to be wrong.

Conclusion

As far as I am concerned, the evidence and studies presented here do not represent a viable claim against the safety of vaccines. I would also hope they serve as a warning of the type of “evidence” that is often found to be wanting here. For whatever reason, many people do not like vaccines and many others make a lot of money on books and “alternative medicine” for those who have been led to believe that vaccines are bad for their children. As always, extraordinary claims demand extraordinary evidence. Anecdotal, word-of-mouth “studies” do not for science make. To those who claim that those of us who “trust the scientists about vaccines”, I hope that I have demonstrated that I do look at the science. A “mountain” of unsupported evidence does not in any way add up to even a molehill of actual evidence.

I realize most people will think I wasted my time putting this together, but I think it is important to not let those against vaccines (or really, followers of any brand of pseudoscience)  attempt to use what appear to be volumes of data to silence critics.

In the same way that I will not be cowering in fear when somebody claims that the sun won’t come up tomorrow… I won’t be stopping the vaccination of my kids until conclusive (or even any) evidence showing that vaccines are a) dangerous b) more dangerous than the disease they intend to prevent. And, speaking personally, I firmly believe you are not only placing your own children, but any other children who are not vaccinated, at risk.

–Joshua DeWald

November 3, 2009

https://quay.wordpress.com

Appendix I: Further References

If you’re interested in the ongoing battle against the pseudoscience of the anti-vaccination campaign I highly recommend:

Science-Based Medicine – http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/ (a great blog written by actual doctors and scientists)

After the writing of the majority of this I discovered that they have a sub-site summaising the available research on various topics:

I’ll be following with interest:

http://sciencebasedmedicine.org/reference/category/vaccines/

http://sciencebasedmedicine.org/reference/vaccines-and-autism/

Phil Plait’s “Bad Astronomy” blog – http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/ (hosted by Discovery online, written by a really entertaining and well-informed astronomer)

Brian Dunning’s Skeptoid – http://skeptoid.com/ Brian produces some of the most amazingly researched, but concise, podcasts and articles delving into topics of pseudoscience and urban myth. Specifically, he has commented on vaccines, autism and chelation therapy (http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4055)

Appendix II: Who Cares?

I initially had no plans to include any explicit “pro” vaccine information, as it seemed obvious to me. However, if there is even a chance that a single reader is seeing this and thinking “ok, so the vaccines aren’t dangerous, but still why should I actually have my child vaccinated? Does it really matter that much?” then I think it important to show just why.

Why do we even care about all these diseases since nobody gets them?

Well, people would start getting them again (more detail below). In fact, there has been a rise in Measles in both the US and UK, most likely as a result of the MMR scare.

The CDC has a great page describing in more detail the incidence of these disease, and would happen if we stop vaccinating. Unless otherwise noted, my descriptions on numbers will be from that page⁵⁴.

I’ve pasted largish sections below so that they can be referred directly.

Were the diseases really that bad, can’t we just stop vaccinating now?

From the CDC’s recommended vaccination schedule ⁵⁵, the diseases are:

Hepatitus B

CDC Overview

Seriousness⁵⁶:

Chronic hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver failure, liver cancer, or even death. Approximately 2,000–4,000 people die every year from hepatitis B-related liver disease.

So that’s even after vaccinations.

How have the vaccinations helped (CDC “whatifstop” page):

The number of new infections per year has declined from an average of 450,000 in the 1980s to about 80,000 in 1999. The greatest decline has occurred among children and adolescents due to routine hepatitis B vaccination.

Rotavirus

Seriousness⁵⁷:

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea) among children worldwide.

Vaccine results:

The rotavirus vaccine currently licensed in the United States, Rotateq, has shown to be quite effective against rotavirus disease. This vaccine will prevent 74 percent of all rotavirus cases, about 98 percent of severe cases, and about 96 percent of hospitalizations due to rotavirus.

Diptheria

Seriousness:

Diphtheria is a serious disease caused by a bacterium. This germ produces a poisonous substance or toxin which frequently causes heart and nerve problems. The case fatality rate is 5 percent to 10 percent, with higher case-fatality rates (up to 20 percent) in the very young and the elderly.

Vaccination results and risks if stopped:

In the 1920’s, diphtheria was a major cause of illness and death for children in the U.S. In 1921, a total of 206,000 cases and 15,520 deaths were reported. With vaccine development in 1923, new cases of diphtheria began to fall in the U.S., until in 2001 only two cases were reported.

…

Although diphtheria is rare in the U.S., it is still a threat. Diphtheria is common in other parts of the world and with the increase in international travel, diphtheria and other infectious diseases are only a plane ride away. If we stopped immunization, the U.S. might experience a situation similar to the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union. With the breakdown of the public health services in this area, diphtheria epidemics began in 1990, fueled primarily by persons who were not properly vaccinated. From 1990-1999, more than 150,000 cases and 5,000 deaths were reported.

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Seriousness:

Tetanus is a severe, often fatal disease. The bacteria that cause tetanus are widely distributed in soil and street dust, are found in the waste of many animals, and are very resistant to heat and germ-killing cleaners. From 1922-1926, there were an estimated 1,314 cases of tetanus per year in the U.S.

…

People who get tetanus suffer from stiffness and spasms of the muscles. The larynx (throat) can close causing breathing and eating difficulties, muscles spasms can cause fractures (breaks) of the spine and long bones, and some people go into a coma, and die. Approximately 20 percent of reported cases end in death.

Vaccination results and risks if stopped:

In the late 1940’s, the tetanus vaccine was introduced, and tetanus became a disease that was officially counted and tracked by public health officials. In 2000, only 41 cases of tetanus were reported in the U.S.

Worldwide, tetanus in newborn infants continues to be a huge problem. Every year tetanus kills 300,000 newborns and 30,000 birth mothers who were not properly vaccinated. Even though the number of reported cases is low, an increased number of tetanus cases in younger persons has been observed recently in the U.S. among intravenous drug users, particularly heroin users.

Tetanus is infectious, but not contagious, so unlike other vaccine-preventable diseases, immunization by members of the community will not protect others from the disease. Because tetanus bacteria are widespread in the environment, tetanus can only be prevented by immunization.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Seriousness/description (from “whatifstop” page):

Pertussis can be a severe illness, resulting in prolonged coughing spells that can last for many weeks. These spells can make it difficult for a child to eat, drink, and breathe. Because vomiting often occurs after a coughing spell, infants may lose weight and become dehydrated. In infants, it can also cause pneumonia and lead to brain damage, seizures, and mental retardation.

Vaccination results and risk (emphasis in original):

Before pertussis immunizations were available, nearly all children developed whooping cough. In the U.S., prior to pertussis immunization, between 150,000 and 260,000 cases of pertussis were reported each year, with up to 9,000 pertussis-related deaths.

…

During the 1970s, widespread concerns about the safety of the older pertussis vaccine led to a rapid fall in immunization levels in the United Kingdom. More than 100,000 cases and 36 deaths due to pertussis were reported during an epidemic in the mid 1970s. In Japan, pertussis vaccination coverage fell from 80 percent in 1974 to 20 percent in 1979. An epidemic occurred in 1979, resulted in more than 13,000 cases and 41 deaths.

…

Pertussis cases occur throughout the world. If we stopped pertussis immunizations in the U.S., we would experience a massive resurgence of pertussis disease. A recent study* found that, in eight countries where immunization coverage was reduced, incidence rates of pertussis surged to 10 to 100 times the rates in countries where vaccination rates were sustained.

Haemophilus influenzae tybe b (Hib)

Vaccination results and risk (emphasis in original):

Hib meningitis once killed 600 children each year and left many survivors with deafness, seizures, or mental retardation.

Since introduction of conjugate Hib vaccine in December 1987, the incidence of Hib has declined by 98 percent. From 1994-1998, fewer than 10 fatal cases of invasive Hib disease were reported each year.

This preventable disease was a common, devastating illness as recently as 1990; now, most pediatricians just finishing training have never seen a case. If we were to stop immunization, we would likely soon return to the pre-vaccine numbers of invasive Hib disease cases and deaths.

Pneumococcus

Vaccination results and risk:

Before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine became available for children, pneumococcus caused 63,000 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease and 6,100 deaths in the U.S. each year. Many children who developed pneumococcal meningitis also developed long-term complications such as deafness or seizures. Since the vaccine was introduced, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children has been reduced by 75%. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine also reduces spread of pneumococcus from children to adults. In 2003 alone, there were 30,000 fewer cases of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by strains included in the vaccine, including 20,000 fewer cases in children and adults too old to receive the vaccine. If we were to stop immunization, we would likely soon return to the pre-vaccine numbers of invasive pneumococcal disease cases and deaths.

Polio

Seriousness:

Polio virus causes acute paralysis that can lead to permanent physical disability and even death. Before polio vaccine was available, 13,000 to 20,000 cases of paralytic polio were reported each year in the United States. These annual epidemics of polio often left thousands of victims–mostly children–in braces, crutches, wheelchairs, and iron lungs. The effects were life-long.

Vaccination results and risk if vaccination efforts stopped:

In 1988 the World Health Assembly unanimously agreed to eradicate polio worldwide. As a result of global polio eradication efforts, the number of cases reported globally has decreased from more than 350,000 cases in 125 countries in 1988 to 2,000 cases of polio in 17 countries in 2006, and only four countries remain endemic (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, Pakistan). To date polio has been eliminated from the Western hemisphere, and the European and Western Pacific regions. Stopping vaccination before eradication is achieved would result in a resurgence of the disease in the United States and worldwide.

Influenza (“the Flu”)

Seriousness⁵⁸:

Influenza (the flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The best way to prevent seasonal flu is by getting a seasonal flu vaccination each year. Each year in the United States on average, 5% to 20% of the population gets the flu; on average, more than 200,000 people are hospitalized from flu-related complications, and; about 36,000 people die from flu-related causes. Some people, such as older people, young children, and people with certain health conditions, are at high risk for serious flu complications.

The CDC has an informative page about the misconceptions about the risks of the flu vaccine⁵⁹.

Measles

Vaccination results and risks (emphasis in original):

As many as three of every 1,000 persons with measles will die in the U.S. In the developing world, the rate is much higher, with death occurring in about one of every 100 persons with measles.

Measles is one of the most infectious diseases in the world and is frequently imported into the U.S. In the period 1997-2000, most cases were associated with international visitors or U.S. residents who were exposed to the measles virus while traveling abroad. More than 90 percent of people who are not immune will get measles if they are exposed to the virus.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 900,000 measles-related deaths occurred among persons in developing countries in 1999. In populations that are not immune to measles, measles spreads rapidly. If vaccinations were stopped, each year about 2.7 million measles deaths worldwide could be expected.

Mumps

Seriousness:

Before the mumps vaccine was introduced, mumps was a major cause of deafness in children, occurring in approximately 1 in 20,000 reported cases. Mumps is usually a mild viral disease. However, rare conditions such as swelling of the brain, nerves and spinal cord can lead to serious side effects such as paralysis, seizures, and fluid in the brain.

Vaccination results and risk if stopped:

An estimated 212,000 cases of mumps occurred in the U.S. in 1964. After vaccine licensure in 1967, reports of mumps decreased rapidly. In 1986 and 1987, there was a resurgence of mumps with 12,848 cases reported in 1987. Since 1989, the incidence of mumps has declined, with 266 reported cases in 2001. This recent decrease is probably due to the fact that children have received a second dose of mumps vaccine (part of the two-dose schedule for measles, mumps, rubella or MMR) and the eventual development of immunity in those who did not gain protection after the first mumps vaccination.

We can not let our guard down against mumps. A 2006 outbreak among college students, most of whom had received two doses of vaccine, led to over 5500 cases in 15 states. Mumps is highly communicable and it only takes a few unvaccinated to initiate transmission.

Rubella (German Measles)

Seriousness (from “whatifnow” page”) (emphasis in original):

While rubella is usually mild in children and adults, up to 90 percent of infants born to mothers infected with rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy will develop congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), resulting in heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation, and deafness.

Vaccination results and risks:

In 1964-1965, before rubella immunization was used routinely in the U.S., there was an epidemic of rubella that resulted in an estimated 20,000 infants born with CRS, with 2,100 neonatal deaths and 11,250 miscarriages. Of the 20,000 infants born with CRS, 11,600 were deaf, 3,580 were blind, and 1,800 were mentally retarded.

Due to the widespread use of rubella vaccine, only six CRS cases were provisionally reported in the U.S. in 2000. Because many developing countries do not include rubella in the childhood immunization schedule, many of these cases occurred in foreign-born adults. Since 1996, greater than 50 percent of the reported rubella cases have been among adults. Since 1999, there have been 40 pregnant women infected with rubella.

If we stopped rubella immunization, immunity to rubella would decline and rubella would once again return, resulting in pregnant women becoming infected with rubella and then giving birth to infants with CRS.

Varicella (Chicken Pox)

Seriousness (from “whatifnow” page)

Each year, the virus caused an estimated 4 million cases of chickenpox, 11,000 hospitalizations, and 100-150 deaths.

…

A highly contagious disease, chickenpox is usually mild but can be severe in some persons. Infants, adolescents and adults, pregnant women, and immunocompromised persons are at particular risk for serious complications including secondary bacterial infections, loss of fluids (dehydration), pneumonia, and central nervous system involvement. The availability of the chickenpox vaccine and its subsequent widespread use has had a major impact on reducing cases of chickenpox and related morbidity, hospitalizations, and deaths. In some areas, cases have decreased as much as 90% over prevaccination numbers.

Vaccination results and risks:

Prior to the licensing of the chickenpox vaccine in 1995, almost all persons in the United States had suffered from chickenpox by adulthood.

In 2006, routine two-dose vaccination against chickenpox was recommended for all children, adolescents, and adults who do not have evidence of immunity to the disease. In addition to further reducing cases, this strategy will also decrease the risk for exposure to the virus for persons who are unable to be vaccinated because of illness or other conditions and who may develop severe disease. If vaccination against chickenpox were to stop, the disease would eventually return to prevaccination rates, with virtually all susceptible persons becoming infected with the virus at some point in their lives.

Hepatitus A

(This one seems to be less serious than many of the others)

Seriousness⁶⁰:

A disease of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus

..

Because young children might not have symptoms, the disease is often not recognized until the child’s caregiver becomes ill with hepatitis Anze

Finally (for blog/comment-enabled version):

To any commenters (what few of you there might be), please refrain from personal attacks of me or any other commenters. Let’s discuss the merits of individual ideas, not the people who have them. As I hinted above, this is a very emotional issue and NOBODY on any side is intending harm. Also, if you have evidence in favor of your views (or against mine), please include actual links to the studies or articles in as reputable or mainstream a place as possible. If you believe the media is “censoring” the truth, then feel free to link to other sources. However, I don’t really desire to become a forum for having a meta-argument about the accuracy of news reporting. If you can resist linking to sites within (http://www.whale.to) that would be great. To my readers out there who aren’t conspiracy theorists, you can go there and see how “reputable” (yay, “Auschwitz Hoax”, “Death Towers”, “Mind Control”, etc) and hilarious the site is. In many cases, the only “evidence” I could find for most of the claims was from that site.

Footnotes

¹ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673697110960/fulltext

² http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC351866/

³ http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-summary.htm

⁴ http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-versions.htm – Note this is part of news reporting and is not itself a scientific article. So read and decide for yourself

⁵ http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/329/7477/1293)

⁶ ttp://www.legalservices.gov.uk/press/press_release31.asp

⁷ http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/safetyavailability/vaccinesafety/ucm096228#t2

⁸ http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/112/3/604 Kreesten M. Madsen, MD, Marlene B. Lauritsen, MD, Carsten B. Pedersen, Msc, Poul Thorsen, MD, PhD, Anne-Marie Plesner, MD, PhD, Peter H. Andersen, MD and Preben B. Mortensen, MD, DMSc . Thimerosal and the Occurrence of Autism: Negative Ecological Evidence From Danish Population-Based Dat

⁹ http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/65/1/19 California study following Autism incidence between 1995 and 2007

¹⁰ http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/safetyavailability/vaccinesafety/ucm096228

¹¹ http://vran.org/legacy/docs/stephanie-cave.pdf – Autism and Mercury: Testimony Presented By Stephanie Cave, M.D. Before the Committee on Government Reform U.S. House of Representatives July 18, 2000

¹² http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695031 Jick H, Kaye JA. Epidemiology and possible causes of autism.

¹³ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation_therapy – Wikipedia page on Chelation therapy. Use your judgement on how accurate you believe Wikipedia to be in general.

¹⁴ http://www.aspiesforfreedom.com/ – Aspies for Freedom homepage

¹⁵ http://www.autism.com/triggers/vaccine/mercurylong.htm

¹⁶ http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/vaccines/QuestionsaboutVaccines/ucm070430.htm – FDA summary of IOM reviews

¹⁷ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4826a3.htm – Thimerosal in Vaccines: a Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service

¹⁸ http://www.whale.to – Home page of “Whale”, a clearinghouse site for random bits of pseudoscience and alternate history

¹⁹ http://www.google.com/#hl=en&q=%22the+Basis+Cause+of+Major+Chronic+Diseases+of+the+New+Millenium%22&aq=f&aqi=&oq=&fp=b1cbbff37876d0fa – Google results for Edelson article

²⁰ http://www.generationrescue.org/pdf/stajich.pdf – Generation Rescue is an anti-vaccination site, I only link here as it was the only PDF version of the study I could find and I have no reason to  believe that it is a modified version.

²¹ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680557/?tool=pubmed – “Vaccinatino Safety Update”

²² http://www.google.com/#hl=en&q=”The+toxic+effects+of+oral+mercury”+%2Bboyd Google search for supposed Boyd presentation

²³ https://medschool.mc.vanderbilt.edu/facultydata/php_files/show_faculty.php?id3=11717 – Faculty page for Michael Aschner

²⁴ http://www.whale.to/a/nkuba.htm – Transcript of 3rd Conference of the National Vaccine Information Center (this was the only place I could find an actual reference for this transcript. The actual site is full of conspiracy theories)

²⁵ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00055785.htm

²⁶ http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/autismparentfacts.htm

²⁷ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Geier

²⁸ http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/04/19/The-Age-of-Autism-The-Amish-anomaly/UPI-95661113911795/

²⁹ http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2005/12/07/The-Age-of-Autism-A-pretty-big-secret/UPI-68291133982531/

³⁰ http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/?p=535 – survey statistics on Amish vaccination rates

³¹ http://combatingautismfromwithin.blogspot.com/2008/01/guess-what-amish-vaccinate.htm – Blog journalism rebutting Dan Olmsted’s claims

³² http://www.clinicforspecialchildren.org/CSC/Home.htm

³³ http://www.medpagetoday.com/Neurology/Seizures/2954 – Kevin Strauss study on Old Order Amish

³⁴ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5601a1.htm – CDC autism rates

³⁵ http://vactruth.com/2009/09/27/cdc-quietly-revises-autism-rates-to-1-of-us-children/ – Unsubstantiated claim about raised incidence of Autism

³⁶ http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/topics/adjuvants/squalene/questions_and_answers/en/

³⁷ http://www.astm.org/JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/4093.htm – chemical composition of fingerprints

³⁸ http://www.green-tea-health-news.com/flu-vaccine-effectiveness.html – Theanine in green tea plus flu vaccine

³⁹ http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/ggi/2008/00000008/00000004/art00005

⁴⁰ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viera_Scheibner – Wikipedia article on Viera Scheibner

⁴¹ http://www.vierascheibner.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50:about-viera&catid=31:general&Itemid=46  About page for Viera Scheibner

⁴² http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245#SEC9 AAP note about vaccines and SIDS

⁴³ http://vierascheibner.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76:the-hoax-of-modern-medicine-and-its-toxic-medications&catid=52:general-essays-by-viera&Itemid=63 “enlightening” Viera Scheiber article on homepathy and other randomness

⁴⁴ http://www.vierascheibner.org/index.php?view=article&catid=42%3Ashaken-baby-syndrome&id=58%3Ashaken-baby-syndrome&option=com_content&Itemid=58Viera Scheibner’s “enlightening” theory about Shaken Baby

⁴⁵ http://www.vierascheibner.com/ – Refer to “About” section for claim about expert testimony

⁴⁶ http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/93/4/323?rss=1 – C J Bacon. How common is sudden infant death syndrome?

⁴⁷ http://www.fetalneonatal.com/cgi/content/abstract/89/5/443 – S Levene, C J Bacon. Sudden unexpected death and covert homicide in infancy

⁴⁸ http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/57/3/309 – S R Limerick, CJ Bacon. Terminology used by pathologists in reporting on sudden infant deaths

⁴⁹ http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/2/171 – C J Bacon. Cot death after CESDI

⁵⁰ http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/full/96/3/105 – C J Bacon. The case of Sally Clark

⁵¹ http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/67/8/985 – C J Bacon, S M Hall. Haemorrhagic shock encephalopathy syndrome in the British Isles. 1992. Archives of Diseases in Childhood.

⁵² http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/skeptic/arguments.html#pity – Appeal to Pity

⁵³ http://rationalwiki.com/wiki/Galileo_fallacy

⁵⁴ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/whatifstop.htm CDC page describing incidence of diseases that we vaccinate for and what could happen if we stop

⁵⁵ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/child-schedule.htm#printable

⁵⁶ http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#bFAQ15 CDC FAQ on Hep B

⁵⁷ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/rotavirus/default.htm

⁵⁸ http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/

⁵⁹ http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/misconceptions.htm

⁶⁰ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/hepa/in-short-adult.htm

To any commenters (what few of you there might be), please refrain from personal attacks of me or any other commenters. Let’s discuss the merits of individual ideas, not the people who have them. As I hinted above, this is a very emotional issue and NOBODY on any side is intending harm. Also, if you have evidence in favor of your views (or against mine), please include actual links to the studies or articles in as reputable a place as possible. If you believe the media is “censoring” the truth, then feel free to link to other sources.

However, I don’t really desire to become a forum for having a meta-argument about the accuracy of news reporting. If you can resist linking to sites within (http://www.whale.to) that would be great. To my readers out there who aren’t conspiracy theorists, you can go there and see how “reputable” (yay, “Auschwitz Hoax”, “Death Towers”, “Mind Control”, etc) and hilarious the site is. In many cases, the only “evidence” I could find for most of the claims was from that site. Also, Generation Rescue and Chelation Therapy Online are explicitly anti-vaccination sources, so merely linking to news/articles on them  is not evidence in my eyes.

My own Basic Intructions Avatar!

For those rare people who read this blog by actually going to it, you may have noticed that my profile image has changed. This is my new custom avatar from Scott Meyer, creator of the hilarious and quirky Basic Instructions web comic that I often share/star in my Reader feed.

I went for my frequent mountain man look 😉

Not much of a return to blogging,but I haven’t had anything to rant about lately 🙂 Anyone have any ideas?